Spores (collected at 10 +/- 1 A degrees C, 2 h after releasing) and young gametophytes (newly generated from spores cultured at 10 A +/- 1 A degrees C for 8 days) of Saccharina japonica were first cultured at 15 A +/- 1, 19 A +/- 1, and 23 A +/- 1 A degrees C for various times (2, 5, and 8 days) and then at 10 A +/- 1 A degrees C (culturing patterns S and G, respectively). Spores were also cultured at a constant of 10 A +/- 1 A degrees C (pattern C) and used as the control. The length and percentage of young gametophytes, size and percentage of gametophytes, and ratio of female to male gametophytes were measured in order to determine the effect of temperature on the development of gametophytes. Temperature and exposure time of spores and young gametophytes at the first culturing temperature significantly affected the development of gametophytes as were indicated by all biological parameters except the ratio of female to male gametophytes. The spores were more sensitive to temperature than young gametophytes. Gametophytes developed from the spores that survived temperature stress can recover their growth. High temperature selection at the early developmental stages of gametophytes was effective for screening gametophytes applicable for breeding high temperature-resistant varieties and hybrids.
Zhang, Linan
Zhang, Miao
Ren, Haiyan
Pu, Pan
Kong, Pan
Zhao, Haojun
Soil macronutrient monitoring is of crucial importance for fertilizer recommendation and site-specific fertilization. Compared to the conventional methods, ion-selective electrode (ISE) shows advantages on its rapid response, inexpensive cost and simple operation. In this study, two kinds of novel solid-state ISEs (S-ISEs) were manufactured and evaluated. In standard solution measurement, quasi-ideal Nernstian performances were observed on both of the monolayer and bilayer S-ISEs. Besides, S-ISEs demonstrated the faster response time of less than 30s, which was 60% time reduction of the conventional PVC polymeric ISE (PVC-ISE). The bilayer S-ISE illustrated more stable potential responses than the monolayer S-ISE in the continuous 500 s detection. In soil extract measurement, the nitrate bilayer S-ISE provided the smallest absolute error(AE) of 6.8 mg L-1 among the tested three ISEs. The potassium bilayer S-ISE generated the similar testing ability as the monolayer S-ISE and PVC-ISE. In soil slurry measurement, obvious disturbance was placed on all of the tested ISEs. Thus, the filtration was an necessary operation of soil pretreatment for the ISE-based soil detection. More soil samples of a broader geographical area should be tested for the validation of the applicability of S-ISEs. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The residual neural network (ResNet) is a popular deep network architecture which has the ability to obtain high-accuracy results on several image processing problems. In order to analyze the behavior and structure of ResNet, recent work has been on establishing connections between ResNets and continuous-time optimal control problems. In this work, we show that the post-activation ResNet is related to an optimal control problem with differential inclusions and provide continuous-time stability results for the differential inclusion associated with ResNet. Motivated by the stability conditions, we show that alterations of either the architecture or the optimization problem can generate variants of ResNet which improves the theoretical stability bounds. In addition, we establish stability bounds for the full (discrete) network associated with two variants of ResNet, in particular, bounds on the growth of the features and a measure of the sensitivity of the features with respect to perturbations. These results also help to show the relationship between the depth, regularization, and stability of the feature space. Computational experiments on the proposed variants show that the accuracy of ResNet is preserved and that the accuracy seems to be monotone with respect to the depth and various corruptions.
The authors describe the preparation of Cu(II)-coated Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) that possess excellent peroxidase-like activity. The NPs were formed by chelation between Cu(II) ions and the oxygen functional groups of sodium ligninsulfonate. The morphology and structure of the NPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The NPs have an average diameter of 220 nm. They are shown to be viable peroxidase mimics that can catalyze the oxidation of 3,3', 5,5'tetramethylbenzidine by hydrogen peroxide to produce a blue coloration. The findings were used to design a colorimetric assay that has a linear response in the 2.5 to 100 mu MH2O2 concentration range and a 0.2 mu M detection limit. The assay excels by its selectivity, high sensitivity, good selectivity, portability and cost efficiency.
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