The main goal of women's self-defense training is to strengthen women's capacity to defend themselves against potential attacks. Yet, the effects of women's self-defense training extend considerably beyond this objective, including physical, psychological, and behavioral impacts. Twenty quantitative studies that assess the effects of self-defense training on female participants are reviewed in this article. The evaluation outcomes focused on in this review include: psychological/attitudinal (assertiveness, self-esteem, anxiety, perceived control, fear of sexual assault, and self-efficacy) and behavioral outcomes (physical competence and avoidance behaviors). Limitations of these evaluations will also be highlighted. Finally, suggestions for the development of future self-defense training programs will be presented, along with a discussion of implications for future research evaluating women's self-defense programs.
The main goal of women's self-defense training is to strengthen women's capacity to defend themselves against potential attacks. Yet, the effects of women's self-defense training extend considerably beyond this objective, including physical, psychological, and behavioral impacts. Twenty quantitative studies that assess the effects of self-defense training on female participants are reviewed in this article. The evaluation outcomes focused on in this review include: psychological/attitudinal (assertiveness, self-esteem, anxiety, perceived control, fear of sexual assault, and self-efficacy) and behavioral outcomes (physical competence and avoidance behaviors). Limitations of these evaluations will also be highlighted. Finally, suggestions for the development of future self-defense training programs will be presented, along with a discussion of implications for future research evaluating women's self-defense programs.
The mass formulae for the baryon octet and decuplet are calculated. These formulae are function of constituent quark masses and spin-spin interaction terms for the quarks inside the baryons. The coefficients in the mass formulae are estimated by the statistical model for J(P) =3D 1/2(+), 3/2(+), incorporating the contributions from the "sea" containing u (u) over bar, d (d) over bar, s (s) over bar pairs and gluons. The measured masses are presented and found to be matching well with some of the experimental and theoretical data.
Abstract J/ψ J / ψ production in p–p ultra-peripheral collisions through the inelastic electromagnetic process, where the virtual photons emitted from the incoming nucleon interact with the partons in the target nucleon, is studied. The comparisons between the results of the equivalent photon approximation approach and the exact treatment ones are presented. Based on the method of Martin and Ryskin, the coherent and incoherent contributions are considered simultaneously. The distributions of Q2 Q 2 (virtuality of the photon) and the total cross sections are calculated. The numerical results show that, the equivalent photon approximation approach is only effective in the Q2→∞ Q 2 → ∞ region where Q max 2 is small enough. It can be seen that an improper choice of Q max 2 will cause obvious errors in the equivalent photon approximation approach (the total cross sections are more than twice larger than the exact ones), and the exact treatment needs to be adopted to dealing with the widely kinematics region of Q2 Q 2 .
We investigate the distribution of the coefficients of a modular form modulo p(j) where p >=3D 3 is a prime and j is a positive integer. Our work heavily relies on the result of Bellaiche and Soundararajan.
The book includes both papers in which geophysical and geological data analysis takes center stage and others that consider how these data sets have been used to guide government policy and to shape plans for response to natural disaster. The disasters of the 2004 Indian Ocean ldquoBoxing Dayrdquotsunami and the 2011 Tohoku event in the Japanese offshore are ever present in the text and implications of the work, which is both right and logical. The book is relatively well balanced between the themes of typhoons, tsunamis, and the more solid-Earth threats of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, although a couple of the papers were a little too locally focused to be of wide interest. Most, however, manage to show how new methods of data analysis can be applied locally and help inform more regional problems. Anyone interested in seismic and volcanic hazards would be left shocked at the paper by Lagmay et al. (2012) describing the precarious location of the now deactivated Bataan Nuclear Power Plant in the Philippines perched on an active fault line and only a few kilometers from a dormant volcano with the potential for future eruptions, not much more than 50 km from the center of the capital city of Manila.
The masses and decay constants of the light tensor mesons were calculated with quantum numbers J(P) =3D 2(+) in the framework of the QCD sum rules in the standard model. The non perturbative contributions up to dimension-5 are considered as important terms of the operator product expansion.