A bibenzo[d]imidazolidene compound inert to oxygen is provided. An aspect of the invention provides a 1,1',3,3'-tetraphenyl-2,2'-bibenzo[d]imidazolidene compound according to Claim 1, which is represented by general formula (1). In formula (1), R1 to R28 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom and a substituent. The substituent is any of a halogen atom, an alkyl group containing 1 or more and 8 or less carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group. At least one of R1 to R28 is the substituent.

A novel organic compound suitable for blue-light-emitting devices and an organic light-emitting device including the compound are provided. An organic compound represented by Formula [1] according to Claim 1 is provided. In Formula [1], R1 to R16 each independently represent a group selected from a hydrogen atom, a cyano group, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors and key regulators of lipid metabolism and cell differentiation. However, there have been few studies reporting on a variety of environmental chemicals, which may interact with these receptors. In the present study, we characterized mouse PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma agonistic activities of 200 pesticides (29 organochlorines, I I diphenyl ethers, 56 organophosphorus pesticides, 12 pyrethroids, 22 carbamates, I I acid amides, 7 triazines, 8 ureas and 44 others) by in vitro reporter gene assays using CV-1 monkey kidney cells. Three of the 200 pesticides, diclofop-methyl, pyrethrins and imazalil, which have different chemical structures, showed PPAR alpha-mediated transcriptional activities in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, none of the 200 pesticides showed PPAR gamma agonistic activity at concentrations <= 10(-5) M. To investigate the in vivo effects of diclofop-methyl, pyrethrins and imazalil, we examined the gene expression of PPAR alpha-inducible cytochrome P450 4As (CYP4As) in the liver of female mice intraperitoneally injected with these compounds (<= 300 mg/kq). RT-PCR revealed significantly high induction levels of CYP4A10 and CYP4A14 mRNAs in diclofop-methyl- and pyrethrins-treated mice. whereas imazalil induced almost no gene expressions of CYP4As. In particular, diclofop-methyl induced as high levels of CYP4A mRNAs as WY-14643, a potent PPAR alpha agonist. Thus, most of the 200 pesticides tested do not activate PPAR alpha or PPAR gamma in in vitro assays, but only diclofop-methyl and pyrethrins induce PPAR alpha agonistic activity in vivo as well as in vitro. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Stimulated by the e-Japan and u-Japan Strategies initiated in the early 2000's； Japanese residents are now receiving the full benefits of a broadband network environment. As a result； the number of broadband access users has reached more than 30 million as of June 2009； and more than half of these users are FTTH users [1]. Based on this rich broadband access infrastructure； the amount of Internet traffic is constantly increasing at approximately 40%per year.

We demonstrate dynamic optical path operation of colorless ROADM and connection switching between routers in a router network. We also evaluate and demonstrate both colorless-directed ROADM and colorless-directionless ROADM in a router network.