Disclosed is an image forming apparatus employing an electrophotograph image forming unit and an inkjet image forming unit and thereby being capable of printing images respectively on the front and back of paper.
The defect structure and the Li ion diffusion mechanism of orthorhombic LiBH4 (o-LiBH4) are studied by first-principles calculations to elucidate the Li ion transport in o-LiBH4. Two metastable Li interstitial sites are identified, and the formation energies of the Schottky and Frenkel defect pair are calculated to be 1.2-1.4 eV, the former being slightly easier to form. The energy required to form intrinsic defects is higher than that of hexagonal LiBH4 (h-LiBH4). On the other hand, the migration energy barrier of the Li vacancy or interstitial ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 eV, which is comparable to that of hLiBH(4). Therefore, the higher defect formation energy mainly accounts for the much lower Li ion conductivity of o-LiBH4. The calculated overall activation barrier for the Li ion conduction in fair agreement with the experimental activation energy. Molecular,dynamics simulation demonstrates that both the interstitial and the interstitialcy mechanisms are operative for the Li interstitial diffusion and that the interconnected interstitial sites compose a fast diffusion path. The simulation results point out that the enhancement of the carrier density via defect or interface engineering may significantly raise the ionic conductivity of o-LiBH4.
Lee, Young-Su
Ley, Morten B.
Jensen, Torben R.
Cho, Young Whan
We investigate the diffusion mechanism of Li ions in LiCe(BH4)(3)Cl, which exhibits fast Li ion conduction. It was previously shown that eight Li ions partially occupy the 12d Wyckoff sites in the I (4) over bar 3m structure and the Li ion diffusion takes place via jumping through the three-dimensional network of the 12d sites. In this study, we employ first-principles-nudged elastic band simulation to elucidate the diffusion mechanism and discover that the Li ion does not directly jump to the neighboring 12d site, but instead passes through the closest 6b site. Moreover, the 6b site turns out to be another stable Li ion site, not just a transient point during a jump event. The occupation of the 6b site and the Li ion diffusion mechanism were assured by first-principles molecular dynamics simulations. The partial occupancy of the 12d site and 6b site at 500 K is approximately 1/2 and 1/3, respectively. The experimental diffraction data can be consistently interpreted. The peculiar crystal structure of LiCe(BH4)(3)Cl allowing efficient and fast Li ion diffusion is again highlighted together with the role of [BH4](-) ion in thermodynamically stabilizing LiCe(BH4)(3)Cl.
A new solid-state Li ion conductor composed of LiBH4 and Al2O3 was synthesized by a simple ball-milling process. The element distribution map obtained by transmission electron microscopy demonstrates that the LiBH4 and Al2O3 are well mixed and form a large interface after ball-milling. The ionic conductivity of the mixture reaches as high as 2 X 10(-4) S cm(-1) at room temperature when the volume fraction of Al2O3 is approximately 44%. The ionic conductivity of the interface between LiBH4 and Al2O3 was extracted by using a continuum percolation model, which turns out to be about 10(-3) S cm(-1) at room temperature, being 10(5) times higher than, that of pure LiBH4. This remarkable rise in conductivity is accompanied by the lowered activation energy for the Li ion conduction in the mixture, indicating that the interface layer facilitates Li ion conduction. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure analysis reveals the presence of B-O bondings in the mixture, which was not detected by X-ray diffraction. This disruption of the chemical bondings at the interface may allow an increase in carrier concentration and/or mobility thereby resulting, in the pronounced enhancement in conductivity. This result provides a guideline for designing fast Li ion conductor through interface engineering.
In this paper, we consider the following generalized quadratic functional equation with n-independent variables in the spaces of generalized functions: Sigma(1 <= i
In this paper we establish the general solutions of the following mixed type quadratic-additive functional equation: 9f(x+y+z/3) + 4[f(x-y/2) + f(y-z/2) + f(z-x)/2] = 3[f(x) + f(y) + f(z)] in the class of functions between real vector spaces. Moreover, we prove the generalized Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability of this equation in Banach spaces.
The present invention relates to a manual pipe cutter for cutting a pipe while being rotated. In particular, the present invention allows a pipe cutter to rotate smoothly so as to prevent malfunction and facilitate the cutting work. The pipe cutter is provided with an auxiliary cutting blade so that a cutting blade can be immediately and easily substituted with the auxiliary cutting blade when the cutting blade wears out.
The present invention relates to a skin care apparatus using micro bubbles, which provides skin with washing water and micro bubbles to create a closer contact with the skin by sucking and removing any foreign matters that cause skin troubles such as dead skin cells, sebum and demodex in pores, as well as by reducing and easily eliminating adhesiveness of the foreign matters through the micro bubbles that are contained in the washing water such that the skin can be toned up and become cleaner so as to enhance the skin condition in an effective way. According to the present invention, the skin care apparatus comprises: a hand-piece having a contact tip to come in contact with the skin and a hole formed at the contact tip; a vacuum pump for providing a vacuum pressure to the hand-piece; a foreign matter container disposed on the path of the vacuum pressure from the vacuum pump to the hand-piece to collect foreign matters; a washing water container for supplying washing water to the hand-piece, the washing water being applied to the skin through the hole of the contact tip; and a micro bubble generator for providing micro bubbles to the washing water container, thereby providing both the washing water and the micro bubbles to the skin.
We reformulate the following quadratic functional equation: f(kx + y) + f(kx - y) = 2k(2)f(x) + 2f(y) as the equation for generalized functions. Using the fundamental solution of the heat equation, we solve the general solution of this equation and prove the Hyers-Ulam stability in the spaces of tempered distributions and Fourier hyperfunctions.
Rude, Line H.
Corno, Marta
Ugliengo, Piero
Baricco, Marcello
Lee, Young-Su
Cho, Young Whan
Besenbacher, Flemming
Overgaard, Jacob
Jensen, Torben R.
Zirconium tetraborohydride, Zr(BH4)(4), was synthesized by a metathesis reaction between LiBH4 and ZrCl4 using high-energy ball milling. Initially, a white powder was produced, and during storage at -30 degrees C in a closed vial, transparent rectangular single crystals formed under the lid by vapor deposition. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data revealed a cubic unit cell (a = 5.8387(4) angstrom, space group P-43m, determined at T = 100 K), which consists of neutral Zr(BH4)4 molecules. The BH4- anions coordinate to Zr via the tetrahedral faces (eta(3)). The shortest distance between neighboring molecules in the solid is defined by B-H-2 center dot center dot center dot H-2-B interactions of 2.77 angstrom. DFT calculations, based on the experimental structure, have been performed with the CRYSTAL code. A phonon instability in the Gamma point was observed for space-group symmetry P-43m, which can be eliminated by a symmetry reduction to the cubic space group P23. Computed IR spectra for the two structural models turned out to be very similar. Synthesis and decomposition was further investigated using in situ synchrotron radiation powder X-ray diffraction.
Jepsen, Lars H
Lee, Young-Su
Cerny, Radovan
Sarusie, Ram S
Cho, Young Whan
Besenbacher, Flemming
Jensen, Torben R
A new series of solvent- and halide-free ammine strontium metal borohydrides Sr(NH3 )n (BH4 )2 (n=3D1, 2, and 4) and further investigations of Ca(NH3 )n (BH4 )2 (n=3D1, 2, 4, and 6) are presented. Crystal structures have been determined by powder XRD and optimized by DFT calculations to evaluate the strength of the dihydrogen bonds. Sr(NH3 )(BH4 )2 (Pbcn) and Sr(NH3 )2 (BH4 )2 (Pnc2) are layered structures, whereas M(NH3 )4 (BH4 )2 (M=3DCa and Sr; P21 /c) are molecular structures connected by dihydrogen bonds. Both series of compounds release NH3 gas upon thermal treatment if the partial pressure of ammonia is low. Therefore, the strength of the dihydrogen bonds, the structure of the compounds, and the NH3 /BH4 (-) ratio for M(NH3 )n (BH4 )m have little influence on the composition of the released gasses. The composition of the released gas depends mainly on the thermal stability of the ammine metal borohydride and the corresponding metal borohydride. =C2=A9 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Shim, Jae-Hyeok
Lee, Young-Su
Fleury, Eric
Cho, Young Whan
Ko, Won-Seok
Lee, Byeong-Joo
An interatomic potential for the vanadium-hydrogen binary system has been developed based on the second nearest-neighbor modified embedded-atom method (2NN MEAM) potential formalism, in combination with the previously developed potentials for V and H. Also, first-principles calculation has been carried out to provide data on the physical properties of this system, which are necessary for the optimization of the potential parameters. The developed potential reasonably reproduces the fundamental physical properties (thermodynamic, diffusion, elastic and volumetric properties) of V-rich bcc solid solution and some of the vanadium hydride phases. The applicability of this potential to the development of V-based alloys for hydrogen applications is discussed. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
We consider the following additive functional equation with n-independent variables: f (Sigma(n)(i-1) x(i)) = Sigma(n)(i-1) f(x(i)) + Sigma(n)(i-1) f(x(i) - x(i-1)) in the spaces of generalized functions. Making use of the heat kernels, we solve the general solutions and the stability problems of the above equation in the spaces of tempered distributions and Fourier hyperfunctions. Moreover, using the mollifiers, we extend these results to the space of distributions.
Kim, Yoonyoung
Reed, Daniel
Lee, Young-Su
Shim, Jae-Hyeok
Han, Heung Nam
Book, David
Cho, Young Whan
Hydrogen desorption/absorption cycling properties of Ca(BH(4))(2)+MgH(2) mixture having 9.1 wt% of theoretical hydrogen capacity have been investigated. The hydrogenation reaction sequence starting from the dehydrogenated product CaH(2)+CaB(6)+Mg was thoroughly followed using X-ray diffraction, and that can be summarized as (i) Mg+H(2) -> MgH(2), (ii) 4CaH(2)+3MgH(2 ->)Ca(4)Mg(3)H(14), (iii) Ca(4)Mg(3)H(14)+2CaB(6)+20H(2)-> 6Ca(BH(4))(2)+3MgH(2). The steps (i) and (ii) proceeded rather fast, and the total amount of reabsorbed hydrogen was governed by the step (iii). The kinetics of the step (iii) was critically affected by the temperature of dehydrogenation/hydrogenation reaction, which we mainly attributed to the microstructure of the dehydrogenated product such as particle size. We indirectly proved our hypothesis by showing that inserting high-energy ball-milling process during hydrogenation is more effective than simply increasing the reaction time. Optimal reversibility was achieved from the sample which was dehydrogenated at 673 K and hydrogenated at 623 K. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Rehydrogenation behavior of 6LiBH(4) + CaH(2) composite with NbF(5) has been studied between 350 and 500 degrees C after dehydrogenation at 450 degrees C. The composite exhibits the best rehydrogenation feature at 450 degrees C in terms of the overall rehydrogenation rate and the amount of absorbed hydrogen. It is found that about 9 wt% hydrogen is absorbed at 450 degrees C for 12 h. Up to 10 dehydrogenation-hydrogenation cycles have been carried out for the composite. It is demonstrated that 6LiBH(4) + CaH(2) with 15 wt% NbF(5) maintains a reversible hydrogen storage capacity of about 6 wt% at 450 degrees C after a slight degradation between the 1st and 5th cycles. The addition of NbF(5) seems to improve the cycle properties by retarding microstructural coarsening during cycles. (C) 2010 Professor T. Nejat Veziroglu. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.