Using magnesiothermic reduction of WO 3, MoO 3, SiO 2, and CuO through mechanochemical activation, we prepared high-purity (~99.3%) nanopowders with a particle size from 9 to 350 nm for the fabrication of functional materials and nanocomposite systems for anode electrodes of lithium ion (polymeric) batteries.

The present study reports on the mechanical and structural properties of W/W-C multilayered thin films with bilayer periods Lambda ranging from 2.5 to 100 nm. Films were grown by reactive sputtering radio frequency on Si (100) substrate. X-ray diffraction (XRD), grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) and X-ray reflectivity were used to globally characterise the multilayers structure. Hardness and Young modulus have been determined using nanoindentation with a Berkovich tip. The XRD and the GIXRD diagrams revealed the presence of three phases: WC 1-x randomly oriented, W 2C with (100) preferred orientation and W with (110) preferred orientation. An increase in hardness is observed with decreasing period Lambda, reaching a maximum value of ~26 GPa at Lambda = 2.5 nm.

A low-voltage, low-power, low-area, wide-temperature-range CMOS voltage reference is presented. The proposed reference circuit achieves a measured temperature drift of 15 ppm/degrees C for an extremely wide temperature range of 190 degrees C (-60 to 130 degrees C) while consuming only 4 W at 0.75 V. It performs a high-order curvature correction of the reference voltage while consisting of only CMOS transistors operating in subthreshold and polysilicon resistors, without utilizing any diodes or external components such as compensating capacitors. A trade-off of this circuit topology, in its current form, is the high line sensitivity. The design was fabricated using TowerJazz semiconductor's 0.18-mu m standard CMOS technology and occupies an area of 0.039 mm(2). The proposed reference circuit is suitable for high-precision, low-energy-budget applications, such as mobile systems, wearable electronics, and energy harvesting systems. Copyright (C) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The invention relates to power cable polymer composition which comprises a single site polyethylene (SSPE), a power cable, for example, a high voltage direct current (HV DC), a power cable polymer insulation, use of a polymer composition for producing a layer of a power cable, and a process for producing a power cable.

Using magnesiothermic reduction of WO 3, MoO 3, SiO 2, and CuO through mechanochemical activation, we prepared high-purity (~99.3%) nanopowders with a particle size from 9 to 350 nm for the fabrication of functional materials and nanocomposite systems for anode electrodes of lithium ion (polymeric) batteries.

We provide a vacancy trapping mechanism of C in W by investigating structure, stability, and diffusion properties of C in W using a first-principles method. C easily bonds onto the internal-surface of vacancy. A monovacancy is capable of trapping as many as 4 C atoms to form C(n)V (n = 1, 2, 3, 4) complexes. Single C atom prefers to interact with neighboring W at vacancy with the trapping energy of -1.93 eV. With the C atoms added, both of them are preferred to bind with each other to form covalent-like bond despite the metallic W environment. For the C(n)V complexes, C(2)V is the major one due to its largest average trapping energy (-1.97 eV). Kinetically, formation of the C(n)V complexes can be ascribed to the interstitial mechanism due to the lower activation energy barrier of 1.46 eV for the interstitial C than 1.66 eV for the vacancy. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The present study reports on the mechanical and structural properties of W/W–C multilayered thin films with bilayer periods Λ ranging from 2.5 to 100 nm. Films were grown by reactive sputtering radio frequency on Si (100) substrate. X-ray diffraction (XRD), grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) and X-ray reflectivity were used to globally characterise the multilayers structure. Hardness and Young modulus have been determined using nanoindentation with a Berkovich tip. The XRD and the GIXRD diagrams revealed the presence of three phases: WC1−x randomly oriented, W2C with (100) preferred orientation and W with (110) preferred orientation. An increase in hardness is observed with decreasing period Λ, reaching a maximum value of ~26 GPa at Λ = 2.5 nm.

Design, fabrication and characterization of aperiodic tungsten/carbon (W/C) multi-layer mirror were studied. W/C multi-layer was designed as a broad-angle reflective supermirror for Cu-K alpha line (lambda = 0.154 nm) in the grazing incident angular range (0.9-1.1 degrees) using simulated annealing algorithm. To deposit the W/C depth-graded multi-layer mirror accurately, we introduce an effective layer growth rate as a function of layer thickness. This method greatly improves the reflectivity curve compared to the conventional multi-layer mirror prepared with constant growth rate. The deposited multi-layer mirror exhibits an average reflectivity of 19% over the grazing incident angle range of 0.88-1.08 degrees which mainly coincides with the designed value. Furthermore, the physical mechanisms were discussed and the re-sputtering process of light-atom layers is accounted for the modification of layer thicknesses which leads to the effective growth rates. Using this calibration method, the aperiodic multi-layer mirrors can be better fabricated for X-ray optics. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Large (W,V)C cubic carbides in WC-VC-Co cemented carbides are undesirable as their presence is one of the causes for poor properties in the material. Earlier attempts to reduce the (W,V)C cubic carbide grain sizes in the WC-VC-Co cemented carbide have been published before. The present investigation strives to reduce the cubic carbide grain size by using a pre-alloyed (W,V)C powder in the place of VC, to reduce the driving force for the formation of (W,V)C during sintering. This should in turn reduce the possibility of forming large (W,V)C grains. WC-VC-Co was prepared using WC, (W,V)C, and Co powders. The compositions were 8.1 wt% V and 12 wt% Co, with the balance comprising W and C. XRD diffraction patterns confirmed that the bulk of WC-(W,V)C-Co contains WC grains, cubic (W,V)C grains, and a Co-rich binder phase. SEM-EDS measurements yielded an average composition of (W(0.31)V(0.69))C(x). TEM-EDS of the cubic carbide was in good agreement with the SEM-EDS measurement, yielding the average composition of (W(0.30)V(0.70))C(x) The average grain size of the cubic carbide of WC-(W,V)C-Co material after sintering had grown to only the same size as that of the starting powder, 1.4 mu m. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) assays measure functional antibody titers against Neisseria meningitidis in sera. Induction of complement-dependent SBA after vaccination with meningococcal polysaccharide or conjugate or protein based vaccines is regarded as the surrogate of protection and thus acceptable evidence of the potential efficacy of these vaccines. This chapter discusses and details SBA assay protocols for measuring the complement-mediated lysis of serogroup A, B, C, W, X, and Y meningococci by human sera, for example, following vaccination or disease.=20

In the design of a W/C multilayer mirror, we applied a trilayer model to consider the interdiffusion of tungsten and carbon on the Won-C interface and investigated the first Bragg angle and its reflectivity. As the interdiffusion thickness of a W/C multilayer mirror increased, the first Bragg angle and the reflected X-ray energy increased. However, as the period thickness of the W/C multilayer mirror increased, the effects of the interdiffusion became less pronounced. The criteria for the use of either the bilayer or the trilayer models for the design of W/C multilayer mirrors were presented for various period thicknesses. The trilayer model would be useful for the design of multilayer mirrors with a small period thickness of less than approximately 4.0 nm at an interdiffusion of 0.28 nm.=09