Addressing climate change represents a governing the climate commons on a global scale. The ldquotragedy of the commonsrdquo might better be described as the ldquofailure of governing the commonsrdquo. Hardin's solutions were ldquocentralized governmentrdquo and ldquoprivate propertyrdquo, which have long been criticized as oversimplified. However, governing the unprecedented climate commons, there is only a ldquoglobal federalism of climate policyrdquo-the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto cannot keep atmospheric CO 2 level below 450ppm (rising 2degC). Some key evidences of the Kyoto failures are identified. The Kyoto failures do not indicate that the Kyoto is a wrong tool of ldquocentralized governmentrdquo. Instead, the Kyoto failures are derived from the fact that the only ldquocentralized governmentrdquo cannot effectively govern the commons, which have been proven by the efforts of governing the commons last four decades. Here we propose a wide diversity of governance systems for climate common to addressing global warming. The multi-level and multi-scale governing system includes but is not limited to: (i) starting at home, (ii) emphasizing the local approach, (iii) efforts of global-level focusing these top emitters, (iv) improved information sharing, (v) privatizing the property of climate to avoid ldquofree ridersrdquo, (vi) combination mitigation with adaptive, (vii) improved ecology services to expand carbon sinks. We argue that the Kyoto failures indicate again that reliance on a single ldquosolutionrdquo may result in more of a problem than a solution in governing the common. Therefore, continuing to wait for another global federalism of climate policy may lead to missing the chance to make significant mitigations and adaptations in time to battling the climate change. Post-2012, multi-level and multi-scale approaches could make a difference in collective action for governing the climate commons to meet climate challenge. [All rights reserved Elsevier].
Cooling rate is an important evaluation index of pressure pre-cooling effect for fruits and vegetables. Experimental device of pressure pre-cooling for fruits and vegetables has been established. Pre-cooling process of golden pears has been tested. The key parameters which affected pressure pre-cooling 7/8 cooling time of golden pears such as different air flow rates, different shapes and sizes of vent hole and arrange form have been analyzed. The results show that it is better that cooling air flow rate is between 1.5 m/s and 2 m/s. Ellipse vent hole shape is the best vent hole style and key-groove vent hole is the worst. The cooling rate of stagger array form is faster than the parallel array form.
Disclosed is a method for normalizing attendance original data and shift data in attendance computation, comprising: step S1, a data normalizer normalizes attendance original data: firstly receives externally-transmitted attendance original data comprising key attributes of attendance personnel and attendance date, and the data normalizer inquires effective attendance original data of the attendance personnel according to the attendance date and normalizes same, thus obtaining attendance normalized data; and step S2, a shift normalizer normalizes shift information of the attendance personnel according to the attendance normalized data, thus obtaining actual shift information; and the attendance normalized data and the actual shift information are output as source data for attendance computation. The present invention normalizes attendance original data into attendance normalized data having a normative structure, and normalizes shift information according to the attendance normalized data at the same time, thereby evading treatment of abnormal attendance scenarios of abundant absence, overtime and the like, and being convenient to normalize a treatment process of attendance computation.
A data center server is disclosed, which comprises a data management unit which is
used for storing network product data information been compressed into data package
plug-in; the data package plug-in indexes according to metadata information of
data information and synchronizes the metadata of each the stored data package plug-in
to data service tool; a user request processing unit and data service tool management
unit, used for processing component management to different data service tool,
starting the determined data service tool according to the data service tool
determined by the request information processing unit, and the started data
service tool obtains data information requested by user from the data management
unit according to the synchronous metadata information. Furthermore, a data
service system is also disclosed. With the invention, both the management of
network multi-product and multi-version data and independent operation, loading
and updating, which is separated from production system, are realized.
Disclosed are a true triaxial multi-field multi-phase coupling dynamic test system and method. One end of an incident rod (2) and one end of a transmission rod (4) are fixed to two ends of a triaxial loading device (3) respectively; the triaxial loading device (3) is a hexahedron, comprises three sets of pressure devices which are set opposite to each other in pairs and is capable of separately controlling compression and unloading of all faces of a rock sample and can change the pre-stress loading value of six oil cylinders freely, both the incident rod (2) and the transmission rod (4) are provided with strain gages beneficial for measuring mechanical performance of the rock sample when the rock sample is impacted; and furthermore, a temperature effect test system and a chemical effect test system are additionally added, the temperature field and chemical field where the rock sample is located are changed by adjusting the temperature of the system and injecting different chemical solvents and various gases, meanwhile, in combination with the stress field borne by the rock sample, the mechanical characteristics of the rock sample under the multi-field multi-phase coupling action of the stress field, the temperature field, the chemical field, solid, liquid, gas and the like are obtained, and data and theoretical support are provided for follow-up studies.
Wang, Qiang
Sun, Jian
Wang, Ling Yun
Liao, Dao Zheng
In this paper, a new controller of the pitch angle of the wind turbine is designed based on improved cooperative co-evolutionary algorithm(ICCEA). The ICCEA is based on general co-evolution model, and can choose evolutionary algorithm for its subpopulations independently, and regulate the probabilities of individuals production to promote the speed of evolutionary according to the characteristic of control system by introducing X 2 distribution function. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed controller can efficiently and steady control the output power of the wind power generation system. Compared with the traditional PID controller, the controller has better control performance.
Wang, Qiang
Zhang, Sun Hao Chen
Yu, Zheng Dong
Hua, Guo Ran
A ferroelectric field effect transistor (FFET) with the metal/ferroelectric/ semiconductor (MFS) structure is designed and simulated. The simulation results show that the drain current at V-g=0 after polarized is decided by P-r and P-r/P-s. When increasing P-r, I-d enhanced. When P-r/P-s decreases, I-d increases if the FFET is saturated. When a voltage (V-p=1.5v) is applied on the FFET, I-d may be stable and not sensitive to the variation of P-r/P-s. This FFET stable output voltage is decided by E-c.