The article argues that Modal Particles (MPs) in German constitute low, intrasentential, C-related elements: rather than being adverbs, MPs constitute a class of emergent functional heads that spell out sentence type features. This categorisation explains many of the hitherto miraculous properties of MPs. Alternative analyses assume that MPs are adverbs, and line up in the specifier positions of a functional cascade that constitutes a clause in ‘cartographic’ approaches to syntactic modelling. These analyses fail to describe the properties of MPs and adverbs in German, I claim. The emergence of MPs follows a general trend in the development of German to express grammatical properties periphrastically.

A method for parameter identification of J-A hysteresis model is presented. This method is based on combination of pattern search and nonlinear least square method. The B-H curve of different toroid and Epstein samples are obtained experimentally. The parameters of J-A model are determined by proposed parameter identification method. There is very good agreement between experimental data and predicted B-H curve for different extensive samples.

Beginning with characterizing the nonlinearities of transformer, this paper uses the J-A model to represent the hysteresis of iron core, and fits the model in calculating exciting current. Compared with the other methods, such as polynomial and describing function method, J-A model is more capable in representing nonlinearity, so the calculated current would be more accurate. Then, after analyzing Maxwell equations that meet certain boundary conditions, the paper considers comprehensively the effects of skin and proximity, and then obtains the computing way of ac resistance under harmonics. At last, based on the mentioned results, paper proposes a set of three-phase transformer model which could calculate harmonic losses. The proposed model is a kind of combined timeand frequency-domain model that possesses good convergence. The introduced example has verified the correctness and effectiveness of the model which absolutely suits the engineering applications.

Gibberellins (GAs) and jasmonates (JAs) are two types of essential phytohormones that control many aspects of plant growth and development in response to environmental and endogenous signals. GA regulates many essential plant developmental processes, while JA plays a dominant role in mediating plant response to stress. Recent studies have revealed that intensive crosstalk between GA and JA signaling is involved in both plant development and defense to biotic or abiotic stress. In particular, interaction between DELLAs and JA ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins, which are key repressors in GA- and JA-signaling pathways, respectively, plays a key role in mediating the balance between plant growth and defense through modulating the activity of their interacting transcriptional factors in response to GA and JA signals. Here, we briefly review the recent progress in understanding the antagonistic and synergistic crosstalk between GA and JA signaling with a focus on the central role of DELLA-JAZ interaction in addressing the plant dilemma between "to grow" and "to defend" in response to various stimuli.