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Now showing items 113 - 128 of 233

  • Potential Drug-Drug Interactions in Psychiatric Ward of a Tertiary Care Hospital: Prevalence, Levels and Association with Risk Factors

    Ismail, Mohammad   Iqbal, Zafar   Khattak, Muhammad Bilal   Javaid, Arshad   Khan, Muhammad Imran   Khan, Tahir Mehmood   Asim, Syed Muhammad  

    Purpose: To identify the prevalence of potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) in a psychiatric ward, their levels and association with risk factors.Methods: This study was conducted in the psychiatric ward of Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad, Pakistan. Medical records of 415 patients were retrospectively reviewed for pDDIs using Micromedex Drug-Reax software. Logistic regression was applied to determine association of pDDIs with age, gender, hospital stay and number of drugs.Results: In our study, we identified total number of 825 pDDIs of 126 types, with median number of 1 pDDIs per patient. Overall 64.8 % of the patients had at least one pDDI; 27.2 % at least one major pDDI; and 58.5 % patients at least one moderate pDDI. Among 825 identified pDDIs, most were of moderate (75.6 %) or major (20.8 %) severity, good (66.4 %) or fair (29 %) type of scientific evidence; and delayed onset (71 %). The most frequent major and moderate pDDIs included haloperidol + procyclidine (127 cases), haloperidol + olanzapine (49), haloperidol + promethazine (47), haloperidol + fluphenazine (41), diazepam + divalproex sodium (40), haloperidol + trihexyphenidyl (37), lorazepam + divalproex sodium (34), fluphenazine + procyclidine (33) and olanzapine + divalproex sodium (32). There was significant association of occurrence of pDDIs with hospital stay of 7 days or longer (p = 0.005) and taking 7 or more drugs (p<0.001).Conclusion: A high prevalence of pDDIs in the psychiatric ward was recorded, a majority of which were of moderate severity. Patients with long hospital stay and increased number of drugs were more exposed to pDDIs.
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  • Seasonal prevalence of coccidiosis in industrial broiler chickens in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan

    Awais, Mian Muhammad   Akhtar, Masood   Iqbal, Zafar   Muhammad, Faqir   Anwar, Muhammad Irfan  

    The present paper reports the prevalence of coccidiosis in industrial broiler chickens in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan to determine the occurrence of different species of Eimeria in the area and to assess their correlation with the environmental conditions including temperature, humidity and rainfall. The study was conducted from January 2009 to December 2010. Examination of chicken guts revealed 43.89% (n= 3,283/7,480) prevalence of coccidiosis. The highest prevalence (27.04%) was recorded of Eimeria tenella followed by Eimeria maxima (22.42%), Eimeria acervulina (19.89%) and Eimeria necatrix (4.02%). The prevalence of disease was significantly higher (P<0.05) in autumn (60.02+/-4.38) followed by summer (47.42+/-2.92), spring (36.92+/-2.27) and winter (29.89+/-3.43). Likewise, prevalence of different species of Eimeria also varied (P<0.05) in different seasons of the year except that of E. necatrix. A strong correlation (P<0.05) of environmental conditions with the overall and species-wise prevalence of coccidiosis was recorded except E. necatrix.
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  • Colorimetric analysis of water and sand samples performed on a mobile phone

    Iqbal, Zafar   Bjorklund, Robert B.  

    Analysis of water and sand samples was done by reflectance measurements using a mobile phone. The phone's screen served as light source and front view camera as detector. Reflected intensities for white, red, green and blue colors were used to do principal component analysis for classification of several compounds and their concentrations in water. Analyses of colored solutions and calorimetric reactions based on widely available chemicals were performed. Classification of iron(III), chromium(VI) and sodium salt of humic acid was observed using reflected intensities from blue and green light for concentrations 2-10 mg/l. Addition of complex forming sodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacidic acid enabled the discrimination of Cu(II) ions in the 2-10 mg/l concentration range based on reflection of red light. An alternate method using test strips for copper solutions with the phone as reader also demonstrated a detection limit of 2 mg/l. Analysis of As(III) from 25 to 400 mu g/l based on reflection of red light was performed utilizing the bleaching reaction of tincture of iodine containing starch. Enhanced sensitivity to low concentrations of arsenic was obtained by including reflected intensities from white light in the analysis. Model colored sand samples representing discoloration caused by the presence of arsenic in groundwater were analyzed as a complementary method for arsenic detection. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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  • Antigenic response of midgut (Boophilus microplus) cell culture vaccine

    Akhtar, Masood   Hayat, C. S.   Iqbal, Zafar  

    Antigenic response of midgut, Boophilus microplus, cell culture vaccine was evaluated. The antibody titres against the gut-membrane (GM) and gut-soluble (GS) antigens were measured by indirect hemagglutination test. The antibody response against GM antigen was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than that of GS antigen. It was assumed on the basis of antibody titres against GM and GS antigens that the in vitro propagated midgut cells, Boophilus microplus, contained substantial membrane and membrane associated immunogenic components.
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  • Effect of pecking stones and age on feather cover, hen mortality, and performance in free-range laying hens

    Iqbal, Zafar   Drake, Kelly   Swick, Robert Alfonso   Taylor, Peta Simone   Perez-Maldonado, Rider Anderson   Ruhnke, Isabelle  

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  • Targeted high throughput sequencing in hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia

    Iqbal, Zafar   Rydning, Siri L.   Wedding, Iselin M.   Koht, Jeanette   Pihlstrom, Lasse   Rengmark, Aina H.   Henriksen, Sandra P.   Tallaksen, Chantal M. E.   Toft, Mathias  

    Hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia are heterogeneous monogenic neurodegenerative disorders. To date, a large number of individuals with such disorders remain undiagnosed. Here, we have assessed molecular diagnosis by gene panel sequencing in 105 early and late-onset hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia probands, in whom extensive previous investigations had failed to identify the genetic cause of disease. Pathogenic and likely-pathogenic variants were identified in 20 probands (19%) and variants of uncertain significance in ten probands (10%). Together these accounted for 30 probands (29%) and involved 18 different genes. Among several interesting findings, dominantly inherited KIF1A variants, p.(Val8Met) and p.(Ile27Thr) segregated in two independent families, both presenting with a pure spastic paraplegia phenotype. Two homozygous missense variants, p.(Gly4230Ser) and p.(Leu4221Val) were found in SACS in one consanguineous family, presenting with spastic ataxia and isolated cerebellar atrophy. The average disease duration in probands with pathogenic and likely-pathogenic variants was 31 years, ranging from 4 to 51 years. In conclusion, this study confirmed and expanded the clinical phenotypes associated with known disease genes. The results demonstrate that gene panel sequencing and similar sequencing approaches can serve as efficient diagnostic tools for different heterogeneous disorders. Early use of such strategies may help to reduce both costs and time of the diagnostic process.
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  • Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery.

    Pagel, Paul S   Dye, Lonnie 3rd   Hill, Graham E D   Vega, Juan L   Tawil, Justin N   De Vry, Derek J   Chandrashekarappa, Kiran   Iqbal, Zafar   Boettcher, Brent T   Freed, Julie K  

    Trans-mitral blood flow produces a three-dimensional rotational body of fluid, known as a vortex ring, that enhances the efficiency of left ventricular (LV) filling compared with a continuous linear jet. Vortex ring development is most often quantified with vortex formation time (VFT), a dimensionless parameter based on fluid ejection from a rigid tube. Our group is interested in factors that affect LV filling efficiency during cardiac surgery. In this report, we describe how to use standard two-dimensional (2D) and Doppler transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to noninvasively derive the variables needed to calculate VFT. We calculate atrial filling fraction (beta) from velocity-time integrals of trans-mitral early LV filling and atrial systole blood flow velocity waveforms measured in the mid-esophageal four-chamber TEE view. Stroke volume (SV) is calculated as the product of the diameter of the LV outflow track measured in the mid-esophageal long axis TEE view and the velocity-time integral of blood flow through the outflow track determined in the deep transgastric view using pulse-wave Doppler. Finally, mitral valve diameter (D) is determined as the average of major and minor axis lengths measured in orthogonal mid-esophageal bicommissural and long axis imaging planes, respectively. VFT is then calculated as 4 * (1-beta) * SV/(piD3). We have used this technique to analyze VFT in several groups of patients with differing cardiac abnormalities. We discuss our application of this technique and its potential limitations and also review our results to date. Noninvasive measurement of VFT using TEE is straightforward in anesthetized patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The technique may allow cardiac anesthesiologists and surgeons to assess the impact of pathological conditions and surgical interventions on LV filling efficiency in real time.=20
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  • A de novo microdeletion in NRXN1 in a Dutch patient with mild intellectual disability, microcephaly and gonadal dysgenesis.

    Agha, Zehra   Iqbal, Zafar   Kleefstra, Tjitske   Zweier, Christiane   Pfundt, Rolph   Qamar, Raheel   VAN Bokhoven, Hans   Willemsen, Marjolein H  

    This report is regarding a Dutch female with microcephaly, mild intellectual disability (ID), gonadal dysgenesis and dysmorphic facial features with synophrys. Upon genotyping, an ~455 kb de novo deletion encompassing the first exon of NRXN1 was found. Bidirectional sequencing of the coding exons of the NRXN1 alpha isoform was subsequently performed to investigate the possibility of a pathogenic mutation on the other allele, but we could not find any other mutation. Previously, many heterozygous mutations as well as microdeletions in NRXN1 were shown to be associated with ID, autism, schizophrenia, and other psychiatric and psychotic disorders. Our results are in agreement with other reports that show that NRXN1 deletions can lead to ID, microcephaly and mild dysmorphic features. However, this is the first report of gonadal dysgenesis being associated with such deletions. It is not clear whether there is a causal relationship between the NRXN1 deletion and gonadal dysgenesis, but it is of interest that the FSHR gene, which encodes the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor causative correlation that is mutated in ovarian dysgenesis, is located proximal to the NRXN1 gene. Given that most of the females carrying NRXN1 deletions have been diagnosed at a prepubertal age, gynecologic screening of female carriers of a NRXN1 deletion is warranted. =20
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  • Study of (DNPs) (x) /CuTl-1223 Nanoparticle-Superconductor Composites

    Mumtaz, M.   Iqbal, Zafar   Hussain, M. Raza   Ali, Liaqat   Waqee-ur-Rehman, M.   Saqib, M.  

    Sol-gel and solid-state reaction methods were used to synthesize diamond nanoparticles (DNPs) and (DNPs) (x) /CuTl-1223 (x =3D 0, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 wt.%) nanoparticle-superconductor composites, respectively. Effects of these DNPs on structural, morphological, compositional, and transport properties of CuTl-1223 superconducting phase were investigated by different experimental techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and resistivity versus temperature (R-T) measurements. The unchanged crystal structure and stoichiometry of host CuTl-1223 superconducting matrix with addition of DNPs gave evidence about the dispersion of nanoparticles at the grain boundaries of the host matrix, which may heal up the inter-granular voids and pores resulting in enhanced inter-grain connectivity. Critical transition temperature T (c) (0) and hole concentration of CuTl-1223 superconductor were observed to be increased with addition of DNPs up to a certain optimum value (i.e. x =3D 0.5 wt.%).
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  • DIFFERENTIAL UTILIZATION OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC AND INORGANIC NITROGEN BY WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.)

    Iqbal, Zafar   Khalid, Muhammad   Soleman, Nawaf   Jones, Davey L.  

    A study was conducted under greenhouse conditions on wheat to investigate the utilization of dissolved organic nitrogen (N) in comparison with conventionally applied inorganic N sources (INS). Nitrogen was applied at a rate of 90 kg N ha(-1) in an inorganic form, an organic high molecular weight (MW) form (casein, haemoglobin, albumin), and an organic low MW amino acid form (glycine, alanine, valine). Inorganic N sources recorded the maximum response (126% to 150%) in total dry matter (DM) production while dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) sources showed 61% to 116% increase in comparison to the control treatment. Glycine gave the maximum DM production, which was comparable with both INS treatments. In hydroponics, greater utilization occurred and the shoots had a higher N content in comparison to those grown in soil. The concentration of DON and NO3- in soil after wheat harvest was similar in all the treatments.
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  • Drug-drug interaction between ciprofloxacin and diclofenac ophthalmic drops at ocular level

    Khan, Abbas   Iqbal, Zafar   Khan, Muhammad Imran   Khan, Jamshaid Ali   Javed, Muhammad Khalid   Ahmad, Zia  

    In present times, there has been interest in multi-drug combinations for treatment of ocular infections, which are more commonly antibiotics and analgesics. Ciprofloxacin and diclofenac sodium were used concomitantly and pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions between them were studied. To investigate disposition kinetics of ciprofloxacin eye drops (0.3%) alone and with co-administration of diclofenac sodium eye drops (0.1%) for pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction(s). A randomized clinical trial was conducted in 84 human volunteers and the aqueous humor samples were collected from the eyes at various time intervals and concentration of ciprofloxacin in aqueous humor was determined using a validated reversed-phase high performance liquid-chromatography/ultraviolet detection method. The results were subjected to statistical analysis to determine whether a statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups. The mean age of the patients in this study ranged from 40 to 83 years, and gender distribution was 46.0% female and 54.0% males. The maximum concentration of ciprofloxacin in aqueous humor observed was 0.47 +/- 0.057 mu g/ml at 0.83 h. While the maximum concentration with concurrent administration of ciprofloxacin with diclofenac sodium was 0.44 +/- 0.00577 mu g/ml at 0.25 h. Time to reach maximum concentration was decreased to 0.3 h. t(1/2abs and) t alpha(1/2) were not significantly affected by co-administration of the ciprofloxacin eye drops with the diclofenac sodium eye drops (P =3D 0.73), however, t(1/2)beta was significantly affected (P =3D 0.036). Similarly, apparent volume of distribution, volume of central compartment, steady-state distribution volume, AUC(0-t) and MRT were also significantly reduced due to concurrent administration of the diclofenac sodium eye drops with the ciprofloxacin eye drops (P =3D 0.021, 0.0.017, 0.05, 0.01 and 0.04). On the other hand, the ocular Cl(t) was significantly elevated (P =3D 0.04), while absorption rate constant (P =3D 0.58) was non significantly decreased due to concurrent administration of the diclofenac sodium eye drops, while C(max) was not significantly affected. Diclofenac sodium affects the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin when co-administered with ciprofloxacin eye drops.
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  • A large, spherical echogenic object appearing in the left atrium during early left ventricular ejection

    Patel, Kishan   Pitts, Nathan A.   Iqbal, Zafar   Gandhi, Sweeta D.   Quinn, Theresa M.   Pagel, Paul S.  

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  • Regulation of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor-Mediated Calcium Transport and Norepinephrine Release in Rat Hippocampus Synaptosomes by Polyamines

    Siddiqui, Farida   Iqbal, Zafar  

    The role of polyamines (PA) synthesis in NMDA receptor-mediated 45Ca-2+ fluxes and norepinephrine release was studied in rat hippocampal synaptosomes. NMDA (50-mu-M) caused a sharp ( gt 2-fold) transient increase in PA synthesis regulating enzyme, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity with concomitant elevation in PA levels in the order putrescine gt spermidine gt spermine. ODC inhibitor, alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), and NMDA antagonist, 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D-AP5), both blocked increases in ODC activity and PA levels. Activation of NMDA receptors induced a sharp (3 to 4-fold) and quick (15 seconds) increase in 45Ca-2+ uptake by synaptosomes within 15 seconds of exposure at 37 degree C. The efflux of 45Ca-2+ and 3H-norepinephrine (NE) release at 22 degree C from pre-loaded synaptosomes was also significantly (2 to 4-fold) enhanced by NMDA within 15 seconds. These NMDA receptor-mediated effects on calcium fluxes and NE release were blocked by NMDA receptor-antagonists (DAP-5 and MK-801) and PA synthesis inhibitor, DFMO and the DFMO inhibition nullified by exogenous putrescine. These observations establish that ODC/PA cascade play an important role in transduction of excitatory amino acid mediated signals at NMDA receptors.
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  • Novel dithieno[3,2-b:2 ',3 '-d]pyrrole-based organic dyes with high molar extinction coefficient for dye-sensitized solar cells

    Zhang, Hai   Fan, Jie   Iqbal, Zafar   Kuang, Dai-Bin   Wang, Lingyun   Meier, Herbert   Cao, Derong  

    Three new metal-free organic dyes FD1-3 with a planar dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]pyrrole unit as linker were synthesized and used for dye-sensitized solar cells with high molar extinction coefficients. In this work, dithieno[3,2-b: 2',3'-d]pyrrole was employed as p-conjugated bridge to construct A-pi-D-pi-A organic dyes, where 9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluorene was used as a donor, and cyanoacrylic acid as an electron acceptor. For a typical device, a solar energy conversion efficiency (eta) of 6.36% based on FD2 was achieved under simulated AM 1.5 solar irradiation (100 mW cm(-2)) with a short-circuit photocurrent density (J(sc)) of 13.76 mA cm(-2), an open-circuit voltage (V-oc) of 669 mV, a fill factor (ff) of 0.691. The results suggest that the organic dye with a functionalized dithienopyrrole unit is a promising candidate for DSSCs due to its high molar extinction coefficients. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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  • Phthalocyanine-Biomolecule Conjugated Photosensitizers for Targeted Photodynamic Therapy and Imaging.

    Iqbal, Zafar   Chen, Jincan   Chen, Zhuo   Huang, Mingdong  

    Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is now in clinical practice in many European and American countries as a minimally invasive therapeutic technique to treat oncologic malignancies and other nononcologic conditions. Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are gathering importance as effective photosensitizers in targeted PDT and imaging of tumors. The possibility of modification around the Pc macrocycle led the researchers to the synthesis of a diversity of photosensitizers with varied cell specificity, cellular internalization and localization, photodynamic cytotoxicity and excretion. Cellular targeting is the primary aspect of an ideal photosensitizer for targeting PDT. Therefore, Pcs have been structurally modified with a variety of biomolecules capable of recognizing the specific lesions. This review emphasizes the photocytotoxicity and the cellular uptakes of phthalocyanine photosensitizers conjugated with biomolecules including carbohydrates, nucleotides and protein constituents such as amino acids and peptides. In addition, the role of the Pc-biomolecule conjugates in imaging and antimicrobial chemotherapy has been discussed. =20
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  • Case study: Muscle atrophy and hypertrophy in a premier league soccer player during rehabilitation from ACL injury.

    Milsom, Jordan   Barreira, Paulo   Burgess, Darren J   Iqbal, Zafar   Morton, James P  

    The onset of injury and subsequent period of immobilization and disuse present major challenges to maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and function. Although the characteristics of immobilization-induced muscle atrophy are well documented in laboratory studies, comparable data from elite athletes in free-living conditions are not readily available. We present a 6-month case-study account from a professional soccer player of the English Premier League characterizing rates of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy (as assessed by DXA) during immobilization and rehabilitation after ACL injury. During 8 weeks of inactivity and immobilization, where the athlete adhered to a low carbohydrate-high protein diet, total body mass decreased by 5 kg attributable to 5.8 kg loss and 0.8 kg gain in lean and fat mass, respectively. Changes in whole-body lean mass was attributable to comparable relative decreases in the trunk (12%, 3.8 kg) and immobilized limb (13%, 1.4 kg) whereas the nonimmobilized limb exhibited smaller declines (7%, 0.8 kg). In Weeks 8 to 24, the athlete adhered to a moderate carbohydrate-high protein diet combined with structured resistance and field based training for both the lower and upper-body that resulted in whole-body muscle hypertrophy (varying from 0.5 to 1 kg per week). Regional hypertrophy was particularly pronounced in the trunk and nonimmobilized limb during weeks 8 to 12 (2.6 kg) and 13 to 16 (1.3 kg), respectively, whereas the previously immobilized limb exhibited slower but progressive increases in lean mass from Week 12 to 24 (1.2 kg). The athlete presented after the totality of the injured period with an improved anthropometrical and physical profile. =20
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