This article examines the textual arguments offered for and against the reading Jesus Barabbas in Matthew 27.16-17. While siding with the position that the longer reading, Jesus Barabbas, stood in the original text of Matthew's Gospel, this article argues against the tendency of scholars to deduce from the longer reading that a historical figure called 'Jesus' with the patronymic 'Barabbas' was released by Pilate, and that this man's name was suppressed by Christian tradition out of reverence for the name Jesus.
General Matthew B. Ridgway's astonishing ability to visualize a military campaign matured based on his leader development, the lessons that he learned from failure and from personally mastering operational art. During World War II, Ridgway commanded the 82nd Airborne Division in Operations HUSKY and NEPTUNE, and then the XVIII Airborne Corps in Operation MARKET, the "Battle of the Bulge" and Operation VARSITY. This monograph, through an investigation into available primary sources: field orders, after action reports, and personal accounts reinforced with secondary source analysis, demonstrates that Ridgway overcame inadequacy. Although he completed all the military education available in his era, it was only after the intense crucible of three combat operations that he eventually applied operational art successfully. Evidence shows that Ridgway achieved tactical success but did not adequately apply operational art for HUSKY, NEPTUNE and MARKET. Ridgway learned from his failures and progressively improved his application of operational art during the Bulge and VARSITY. Not until his fifth experience, Operation VARSITY, did he master operational art. Within U. S. Army Mission Command, the most important subcomponent of visualization depends on eleven elements of operational art. These elements are the template this monograph uses in considering the factors of Ridgway's maturation of operational art through five combat operations.
This article exposes the difficulties raised by Matthew Waxmans article in correctly assessing what he designates as the Bright-Liners view. Three propositions will be detailed in support of this thesis. First, I will argue that (even) those who are considered as Bright-Liners recognize the existence of grey zones and the necessity to make some balance between different elements in each particular context. It seems therefore incorrect to distinguish the two tendencies according to this criterion. By contrast, it is true that most Bright-Liners will support a more restrictive interpretation of the existing rules prohibiting the use of force. But, as I will try to establish in a second stage, the arguments put forward in this restrictive approach are not always properly described by Matthew Waxman. Lastly, I will emphasize a major characteristic of the restrictive approach which, in my view, is underestimated in Matthew Waxmans article: the quest for a universal inter-subjectivity, which dictates the importance of basing ones analysis on the positions of numerous states and scholars from various parts of the world.
Archaeological excavations were conducted in the only prehistoric house on St. Mathew Island, Alaska in 2012. St. Matthew Island is located in the Bering Sea far from the Alaska mainland, with some saying it is the most remote area in all of Alaska. The island is uninhabited and seldom visited due to its relatively isolated position, lack of commercial resources, and its status as part of a National Wildlife Bird Sanctuary. Besides being remote, St. Matthew had a year-round population of polar bears residing on the island until their local extinction in the 1890s. The single, Thule-period house depression-dating to the 1650s-was first identified on St. Matthew in 1957, with little information recorded about the site aside from its age and the presence of Thule pottery. The 2012 excavations were conducted to discover additional information on these early island residents regarding the season and length of site occupation, diet, where these early island residents originated from, and the focus of their visit. While actual fieldwork at this site was limited to three days, substantial information was obtained. A summary of these findings is included along with recommendations for future research.