This article evaluates, from a policy of lawperspective, how Swedish development assistanceorganisations try to ``export,'' specifically todeveloping countries, the legal model ofRechtsstaat. Several definitions, as well astheir accompanying values, can be seen asencompassed in the use of the Western conceptof Rechtsstaat, in particular the distinctionbetween a ``formal'' and a ``material''Rechtsstaat. In reviewing policy documentsproduced by several Swedish developmentassistance organisations, the basis for thistheoretical distinction can be viewed as theproduct of wider ideological and politicalunderpinnings. It also can provide anexplanation for the failures in ``exporting''Western legal concepts and categories todeveloping countries.
A modelling approach is proposed to evaluate the environmental dynamics of coastal lagoons. The water, heat and salt balances are addressed simultaneously, providing a better estimation of evaporation and water exchanges. Compared to traditional approaches, the model presented accounts for the effects of water salinity, heat storage and net energy advected in the water body. The model was applied daily to the Mar Menor coastal lagoon (SE Spain) from 2003 through 2006. Water exchanges with the Mediterranean Sea were estimated based on the monthly trend of the lagoon salinity and were correlated with monthly averages of wind speed. The mean daily water exchange with the sea was 1.77 hm3 d−1. This exchange accounted for only 1%of the heat losses in the lagoon heat balance, and it is the most important flow in the water balance. The mean annual evaporation flux amounted to 101.3 W m−2 (3.55 mm d−1), while the sensible heat flux amounted to 19.7 W m−2, leading to an annual Bowen ratio on the order of 0.19. To validate the model, daily water temperatures were predicted based on the daily heat balance of the water body and were compared with remote sensing data from water surface standard products.
V. Martínez-Alvarez
B. Gallego-Elvira
J.F. Maestre-Valero
M. Tanguy
A modelling approach is proposed to evaluate the environmental dynamics of coastal lagoons. The water, heat and salt balances are addressed simultaneously, providing a better estimation of evaporation and water exchanges. Compared to traditional approaches, the model presented accounts for the effects of water salinity, heat storage and net energy advected in the water body. The model was applied daily to the Mar Menor coastal lagoon (SE Spain) from 2003 through 2006. Water exchanges with the Mediterranean Sea were estimated based on the monthly trend of the lagoon salinity and were correlated with monthly averages of wind speed. The mean daily water exchange with the sea was 1.77 hm(3) d(-1). This exchange accounted for only 1% of the heat losses in the lagoon heat balance, and it is the most important flow in the water balance. The mean annual evaporation flux amounted to 101.3 W m(-2) (3.55 mm d(-1)), while the sensible heat flux amounted to 19.7 W m(-2), leading to an annual Bowen ratio on the order of 0.19. To validate the model, daily water temperatures were predicted based on the daily heat balance of the water body and were compared with remote sensing data from water surface standard products. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
P.G. Pinheiro
J.D. Fabris
W.N. Mussel
E. Murad
R.B. Scorzelli
V.K. Garg
Raw materials used to produce a commercial kaolin from Minas Gerais, Brazil, and the intermediate and final products after processing were studied to trace the fate of iron during industrial beneficiation. X-ray diffraction shows kaolinite to be the principal phyllosilicate in all samples. Sample treatments include size fractionation and a chemical treatment with sodium bisulfate, metallic zinc, and sulfuric acid, which remove all associated goethite and most hematite but do not significantly affect structural iron in the phyllosilicates. Scanning electron micrographs show that individual kaolinite grains are approximately 0.3 μm in size and have an almost hexagonal morphology in a compact arrangement. Tubular halloysite was also occasionally observed. Mössbauer spectra measured at 298° and 100 K evince the presence of hematite and paramagnetic trivalent iron in all samples, whereas goethite, which is abundant in raw and intermediate samples, is absent in the final kaolin. The industrial processing removes almost two-thirds of the total iron content (essentially iron oxides) of the raw material during size fractionation, so the intermediate sample contains 0.42%Fe3+. The final marketable material contains 0.12%Fe3+ in hematite (0.07%) and phyllosilicates (0.05%), rendering it suitable as paper filler.
P.G. Pinheiro
J.D. Fabris
W.N. Mussel
E. Murad
R.B. Scorzelli and V.K. Garg
Raw materials used to produce a commercial kaolin from Minas Gerais, Brazil, and the intermediate and final products after processing were studied to trace the fate of iron during industrial beneficiation. X-ray diffraction shows kaolinite to be the principal phyllosilicate in all samples. Sample treatments include size fractionation and a chemical treatment with sodium bisulfate, metallic zinc, and sulfuric acid, which remove all associated goethite and most hematite but do not significantly affect structural iron in the phyllosilicates. Scanning electron micrographs show that individual kaolinite grains are approximately 0.3 μm in size and have an almost hexagonal morphology in a compact arrangement. Tubular halloysite was also occasionally observed. Mössbauer spectra measured at 298° and 100 K evince the presence of hematite and paramagnetic trivalent iron in all samples, whereas goethite, which is abundant in raw and intermediate samples, is absent in the final kaolin. The industrial processing removes almost two-thirds of the total iron content (essentially iron oxides) of the raw material during size fractionation, so the intermediate sample contains 0.42%Fe3+. The final marketable material contains 0.12%Fe3+ in hematite (0.07%) and phyllosilicates (0.05%), rendering it suitable as paper filler.
Raw materials used to produce a commercial kaolin from Minas Gerais, Brazil. and the intermediate and final products after processing were studied to trace the fate of iron during industrial beneficiation. X-ray diffraction shows kaolinite to be the principal phyllosilicate in all samples. Sample treatments include size fractionation and a chemical treatment with sodium bisulfate, metallic zinc. and sulfuric acid. which remove all associated goethite and most hematite but do not significantly affect structural iron in the phyllosilicates. Scanning electron micrographs show that individual kaolinite grains are approximately 0.3 mu m in size and have an almost hexagonal morphology in a compact arrangement. Tubular halloysite was also occasionally observed. Mossbauer spectra measured at 298 degrees and 100 K evince the presence of hematite and paramagnetic trivalent iron in all samples, whereas goethite, which is abundant in raw and intermediate samples, is absent in the final kaolin. The industrial processing removes almost two-thirds of the final of the total iron content (essentially iron oxides) of the raw material during size fractionation, so the intermediate sample contains 0.42% Fe3+ marketable mated at contains 0.12% Fe3+ in hematite (0.07%) and phyllosilicates (0.05%), rendering it suitable as paper filler. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Villaça Gomes, Maria Carolina; Carvalho Vieira, Bianca
The Serra do Mar escarpment, which is located on the southern and southeastern coast of Brazil, is regularly hit by heavy rainfall that triggers numerous mass movements, particularly shallow landslides. Although several studies have investigated the relationship between these processes and the topographic, structural, lithological, and climatic constraints, there are few tests on the hydrological properties that directly influence the stability of slopes. Thus, the main objective of this study is to characterize the spatial distribution of saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-sat) and evaluate its influence on the initiation of shallow landslides in the Serra do Mar in Sao Paulo State (SP). Tests for K-sat were performed using the Guelph Permeameter in three scars in an experimental basin in the city of Caraguatatuba-SP, which was strongly affected by landslides in 1967. In each scar, two profiles were excavated (top and center) with tests at six depths up to 2.50 m. To better evaluate the variation in K-sat, the particle size and porosity values were used at the same depths. Forty-one K-sat values were obtained, and the values varied between three orders of magnitude (10(-6) to 10(-4) m s(-1)), with 80% concentrated between 10(-6) and 10(-5) m s(-1). In general, the profiles had lower K-sat values near the surface with a tendency to increase up to 5 m and significant hydraulic discontinuities between 1 and 2.5 m. It is believed, therefore, that a study of K-sat variation can provide important information on the rupture mechanisms within the Serra do Mar and define areas for real-time hydrological monitoring.