We studied coinfection with four genera of bacteria-Borrelia, Bartonella, Anaplasma, and Ehrlichia-in ticks collected between December 2005 and November 2006 from Zhejiang Province and Liaoning Province. Four hundred fifty Haemaphysalis longicornis and 86 Ixodes sinensis ticks were collected and divided into 236 groups. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or nested PCR was used to detect the bacteria. The amplicons were sequenced and compared to published sequences. Phylogenic analysis was performed with MEGA3.1 and the data were analyzed Using SPSS 11.0. Borrelia, Bartonella, Anaplasma, and Ehrlichia positive rates were 30.1% (71/236), 28.8% (68/236), 1.3% (3/236), and 0.80% (2/236), respectively. One tick was coinfected with all four bacteria (Borrelia, Bartonella, Anaplasma, and Ehrlichia) and another group was coinfected with three bacteria, Borrelia, Bartonella, and Ehrlichia. Statistical analysis showed most coinfections were significant, indicating that once a tick was infected with one bacteria, there was a greater chance to be infected with another bacteria.
Xie, Xiao-Feng
Smith, Stephen F.
Lu, Liang
Barlow, Gregory J.
Model-based intersection optimization strategies have been widely investigated for distributed traffic signal control in road networks. Due to the form of "black-box" optimization that is typically assumed, a basic challenge faced by these strategies is the combinatorial nature of the problem that must be solved. The underlying state space is exponential in the number of time steps in the look-ahead optimization horizon at a given time resolution. In this paper, we present a schedule-driven intersection control strategy, called SchIC, which addresses this challenge by exploiting the structural information in non-uniformly distributed traffic flow. Central to our method is an alternative formulation of intersection control optimization as a scheduling problem, which effectively reduces the state space through use of an aggregate representation on traffic flow data in the prediction horizon. A forward recursive algorithm is proposed for solving the scheduling problem, which makes use of a dominance condition to efficiently eliminate most states at early stages. SchIC thus achieves near optimal solutions with a polynomial complexity in the prediction horizon, and is insensitive to the granularity of time resolution that is assumed. The performance of SchIC with respect to both intersection control and implicit coordination between intersections is evaluated empirically on two ideal scenarios and a real-world urban traffic network. Some characteristics and possible real-world extensions of SchIC are also discussed. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Dai, Jijun
Zhang, Ke
Zhai, Longhua
Yang, Ke
Yang, Jingyu
Yu, Benli
Lu, Liang
In this paper; numerical simulation and analysis of the sensitivity of Strength-based Optical Fiber Sensors (SOFS) have been reported .The results simulated show that suitable operating point can improve sensitivity of the sensing system greatly even up to 3.6%. This conclusion can provide theoretical support for optimizing actual strength-based optical fiber sensors with higher sensitivity.
Inland East Asia encompasses particular landscapes, including discontinuous large deserts isolated by mountains, and these landscapes have been greatly impacted by the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) since the Pliocene. However, little research has been performed on the impact of desertification on the evolutionary history of animals in this area. We examined a widespread desert rodent species, Dipus sagitta, to better understand the influences of geological events on the evolutionary history and phylogeographic patterns. We sequenced two mitochondrial genes and three nuclear genes from 237 individuals collected from 43 populations across inland East Asia. Phylogenetic, network, intraspecific delimitation, and population structure analyses identified a structured pattern of geographic differentiation with six well-defined evolutionary clades. High mountains (such as the Tianshan Mountains) and important climate demarcation lines (such as the 200mm isohyet) were inferred as genetic barriers among the six clades by BARRIER analysis. The most recent common ancestor of D. sagitta was estimated to have existed in late Miocene, and the first clade was estimated to have diverged at c. 7.57Ma, whereas the later clade diversified rapidly at approximately 2.56-1.53Ma during the Pleistocene. Demographic analyses suggested different demographic histories among the distinct clades, and the continuous expansion that occurred during the climate oscillation period appeared to be more closely related to the increasing aridification caused by orogeny rather than climate oscillation.
A high-accuracy fiber optical microphone (FOM) is first applied by self-mixing technique in a DBR fiber laser based on a nanothick silver diaphragm. The nanothick silver diaphragm fabricated by the convenient and low cost electroless plating method is functioned as sensing diaphragm due to critically susceptible to the air vibration. Simultaneously, microvibration theory model of self-mixing interference fiber optical microphone is deduced based on quasi-analytical method. The dynamic property to frequencies and amplitudes are experimentally carried out to characterize the fabricated FOM and also the reproduced sound of news and music can clearly meet the ear of the people which shows the technique proposed in this paper guarantee steady, high signal-noise ratio operation and outstanding accuracy in the DBR fiber laser which is potential to medical and security applications such as real-time voice reproduction for throat and voiceprint verification. (C) 2013 Optical Society of America
Liu, Weiqiang
Lu, Liang
O'Neill, Maire
Swartzlander, Earl E.
As a promising alternative to CMOS technology; QCA circuit design has been extensively studied in recent years. However; although a concrete set of design rules exist for integrated circuit design; little attention has been paid to the design rules necessary for efficient QCA circuit design. This paper compiles a set of important QCA design rules which include layout design rules; timing rules and some special rules for QCA technology to ensure QCA circuits function correctly and reliably. These rules will promote the development of practical and efficient QCA systems. A GF(2m) multiplier design is proposed as a case study to illustrate these design rules.
Vanadyl Schiff base complexes covalently attached on the surface of MCM-41 have been synthesized by anchoring Schiff base and subsequent reaction with VO(acac)(2). XRD, nitrogen adsorption and desorption, UV-visible spectroscopy and FT-IR show that vanadyl Schiff base complexes were successfully anchored on the surface of MCM-41 and the mesopore ordering decreased after the anchoring. The so-prepared heterogeneous catalysts have showed high activity for sulfide oxidation.
Lu, Liang
Jiao, Yong-Chang
Wang, Rui-Qi
Zhang, Chi
Qiu, Miao-Miao
A single-layer differential coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed antenna is proposed for common-mode suppressed and WLAN band notched ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. The UWB nature is generated by the stepped slot radiators and a pair of differential stepped CPW feeding lines. When two ports of the antenna are fed with common-mode signals, the radiator cannot be excited and common-mode suppression is obtained. Moreover, a pair of U-shaped slits and stubs are etched on the CPW lines and stepped slots to earn a notch band characteristic. Then, to validate the presented antenna, a prototype antenna is fabricated and tested. The proposed antenna shows experimentally differential reflection coefficients -10 dB bandwidth of 122.6% (2.54-10.6 GHz). A measured band notch at 5.1-5.9 GHz for WLAN band is also obtained. Moreover, the common-mode suppression within the operating band better than 1.5 dB is achieved. All the results show that the proposed antenna can be widely used in UWB wireless communication systems, medical imaging systems and vehicular radars. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 59:73-77, 2017
Zhou, Yang
Yang, Yu-Shun
Song, Xiao-Da
Lu, Liang
Zhu, Hai-Liang
Fatty acid synthesis (FAS) is an essential metabolism during the whole growth and development process of the bacterial. Several key enzymes which involved in this biosynthetic pathway have been considered as useful targets for the development of new antibacterial agents. Among them, beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III (FabH) is the most magnetic target, since it is central to the initiation of fatty acid biosynthesis and is highly conserved of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Following the previous researches, Schiff-based derivatives with dioxygenated rings and N-heterocycle were synthesized in succession, and their biological activities as potential FabH inhibitors were evaluated in this paper. Among these 15 compounds, compound 2E exhibited the best antibacterial activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values 1.56-3.13 mg/mL against the tested bacterial strains and showed the most powerful Escherichia coli (E. coli) FabH inhibitory activities with IC50 of 2.1 mu M. Also the conceivable binding conformation of placing compound 2E into the E. coli FabH active site was affirmed docking simulation.
The first enantioselective total syntheses of cytotoxic macrolide amphidinolide B, and the proposed structure for amphidinolide B(2) have been accomplished. Key features of the syntheses include a diastereoselective aldol condensation, a spontaneous Wadsworth-Emmons `macrocyclization and a directed epoxidation/elimination sequence.