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Now showing items 81 - 96 of 332

  • SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORY DEVICE AND SYSTEM

    A semiconductor memory device includes a memory cell array, a redundant element, an address designating section for selecting one address from a plurality of addresses as a redundant address according to changeover signals, a decoder circuit for selecting the redundant element at the time when the address inputted from the outside matches the redundant address selected by the address designating section, and a test-mode setting circuit that is configured to change the redundant address allocated to the redundant element by changing the changeover signal according to the input from the outside.
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  • SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORY AND SYSTEM

    A pair of access control circuits with bit line pairs wired corresponds to the same data terminal, and different addresses are assigned to them. A data swap circuit prohibits the change of connection between a pair of data terminals and a pair of data lines, when one of the access control circuits is used in a test mode. It changes the connection between a pair of data terminals and a pair of data lines, when the other access control circuit is used. Thereby, data signals with the same logic level can be given to the bit lines with mutually different logic without changing the logic of the data signal to be supplied to the data terminal.A stress can be given between a contact that is arranged between a pair of access control circuits and the bit line adjacent to both sides of this contact. Consequently, test pattern design can be facilitated, and the efficiency of tests can be improved.
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  • Heat stress enhances mTOR signaling after resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle

    Kakigi, Ryo   Naito, Hisashi   Ogura, Yuji   Kobayashi, Hiroyuki   Saga, Norio   Ichinoseki-Sekine, Noriko   Yoshihara, Toshinori   Katamoto, Shizuo  

    This study investigated the effect of heat stress (HS) on mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling involved in translation initiation after resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle. Eight young male subjects performed four sets of six maximal repetitions of knee extension exercises, with or without HS, in a randomized crossover design. HS was applied to the belly of the vastus lateralis by using a microwave therapy unit prior to and during exercise. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis before, immediately after, and 1 h after exercise. HS significantly increased the phosphorylation of Akt/PKB, mTOR, and ribosomal protein S6 at 1 h after exercise (P < 0.05), and the 4E-BP1 phosphorylation level, which had initially decreased with exercise, had recovered by 1 h after exercise with HS. In addition, the phosphorylation of ribosomal S6 kinase 1 was significantly increased immediately after exercise with HS (P < 0.05). These results indicate that HS enhances mTOR signaling after resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle.
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  • INFORMATION REPRODUCTION DEVICE, SERVO ADJUSTING METHOD, AND OTHERS

    Provided are an information reproduction device, a servo adjusting method, and others capable of reducing the time required for servo adjustment. The information reproduction device reproduces recorded information recorded on a recording medium having a plurality of recording layers. The information reproduction device includes: signal level measuring means for measuring a signal level of each recording layers; and a servo adjusting means for performing servo adjustment for at least one of the recording layers, storing the servo adjustment value, and performing servo adjustment for the recording layer so as to be the servo adjustment value when the recorded information is reproduced from the recording layer. When the level ratio of the signal levels of at least two recording layers among the measured signal levels of the recording layers is within a threshold value, the servo adjusting means performs servo adjustment for (first) one of the recording layers, and stores the servo adjustment value. When the recorded information is reproduced from the other (second) recording layer, the servo adjusting means performs servo adjustment for the second recording layer so as to be the servo adjustment value for the first recording layer.
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  • Prognostic implications of bile bakes after surgery for biliary atresia

    Inoue, Yumi   Kato, Yoshifumi   Tamura, Tsuyoshi   Kobayashi, Hiroyuki   Ichikawa, Satoko   Lane, Geoffrey J.   Yamataka, Atsuyuki  

    Purpose: The aim of the study was to establish the natural history of bile lakes (BLs) in patients with postportoenterostomy biliary atresia (BA) and assess their prognostic implications, in particular, if they are a risk factor for cholangitis. Methods: One hundred twenty-one postsurgical BA patients were divided into 2 groups as follows: period 1, or preliver transplantation era group (n = 56), and period 2, or liver transplantation era group (n = 65). Presence of BL and outcome were examined in relation to the incidence of cholangitis. Results: In period 1, there were more multiple BLs (MBLs) in nonsurvivors than Survivors. Non-BL Survivors had significantly lower mean total number of episodes of cholangitis than MBL survivors (P < .01). In period 2, 58 survived (native liver in 35; transplanted liver in 23). Bile lakes were present in 9/58 (16%) survivors (single in five, Multiple BLs in four), and 1/7 (14%) nonsurvivors had MBLs. Mean total number of episodes of cholangitis in the 4 MBL survivors and the 49 non-BL survivors were not significantly different. Conclusion: Our results suggest that presence of BL is a risk factor for cholangitis in the long-term but not in file short-term. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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  • Shunt Conversion Before Bladder Augmentation Can Prevent Shunt Infection

    Hayashi, Yutaka   Okazaki, Tadaharu   Kobayashi, Hiroyuki   Lane, Geoffrey J.   Yamataka, Atsuyuki  

    OBJECTIVE: We report Our experience of shunt infections (SIs) following intestinal cystoplasty (CP) in patients with neurogenic bladder (NB) and hydrocephalus. METHODS: We reviewed 34 patients with NB who underwent intestinal CP between 1984 and 2005. All had ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts converted to ventriculopleural (VL) shunts prior to intestinal CP to prevent SIs. SI secondary to intestinal CP was defined as infection within 30 days of intestinal CP. RESULTS: No SIs were reported. Mean age at shunt conversion was 9.5 years (range, 2-25 years), mean length Of follow-up after conversion was 12.8 years (range, 2-18 years), and mean period between conversion and CP was 12 days (range, 0-30 days). Pleural effusion (PE) occurred post-conversion in 13/34 subjects (41%). Ten were treated with diuretics for a mean of 12 days, two were treated conservatively, and one required revision to a ventriculoatrial shunt. Delayed PE Occurred in two patients at 7 and 18 months, secondary to respiratory infections. In the literature, there are six reports of SIs after intestinal CP in 216 NB patients. Overall, seven of 216 patients (3.2%) had SI. CONCLUSION: VP Shunts should be converted to VL shunts prior to intestinal CP because this appears to prevent SIs. [Asian J Surg 2008,31(4):207-10]
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  • VEGF signaling is disrupted in the hearts of mice lacking estrogen receptor alpha

    Jesmin, Subrina   Mowa, Chishimba N.   Sultana, Sayeeda Nusrat   Shimojo, Nobutake   Togashi, Hiroko   Iwashima, Yoshio   Kato, Norihiro   Sato, Akira   Sakuma, Ichiro   Hiroe, Michiaki   Hattori, Yuichi   Yamaguchi, Naoto   Kobayashi, Hiroyuki  

    Estrogen has widely been credited for cardioprotection in women. However, the exact mechanisms that underlie these beneficial estrogenic effects are not completely understood. Here, we sought to: 1) elucidate estrogen's influence on levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key regulator of cardiovascular processes, and components of its basic signaling machinery (VEGF receptors, Akt, and eNOS) in the heart, and 2) delineate the specific estrogen receptor signaling pathway that mediates its beneficial effects using mice lacking either estrogen receptor alpha or estrogen receptor beta. We analyzed pattern of VEGF signaling and the associated coronary capillary density in the hearts of wild-type (WT), estrogen receptor alpha knockout (ER alpha-KO), and estrogen receptor beta knockout (ER beta-KO) female mice. Deletion of estrogen receptor alpha causes a marked decrease in coronary capillary density compared to wild-type (WT) mice, while that of estrogen receptor beta had a minimal effect. Consistent with reduced coronary capillary density, cardiac expression levels of VEGF and its signaling molecules (two receptors, phosphorylated Akt, and eNOS) in ER alpha-KO mice were reduced to half of WT, in contrast to ER beta-KO mice that only showed a slight decrease. Moreover, activity of eNOS was greatly lowered in ER alpha-KO mice. These data suggest that estrogen acts largely via estrogen receptor alpha to regulate VEGF transcription and possibly components of its basic signaling and ultimately, the development of coronary microvasculature in the heart. This molecular and histological data, in part, sheds some insights into potential mechanisms that may likely underlie estrogen's cardioprotective effects. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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  • Control of myotube contraction using electrical pulse stimulation for bio-actuator

    Yamasaki, Ken-ichi   Hayashi, Hiroyuki   Nishiyama, Keiko   Kobayashi, Hiroyuki   Uto, Sadahito   Kondo, Hideo   Hashimoto, Shigehiro   Fujisato, Toshia  

    The contractility of tissue-engineered muscle on the application of electrical signals is required for the development of bio-actuators and for muscle tissue regeneration. Investigations have already reported on the contraction of myotubes differentiated from myoblasts and the construction of tissue-engineered skeletal muscle using electrical pulses. However, the relationship between myotube contraction and electrical pulses has not been quantitatively evaluated. We quantitatively investigated the effect of electrical pulse frequency on the excitability of myotubes and developed bio-actuators made of tissue-engineered skeletal muscle. C2C12 cells were seeded on a collagen-coated dish and in collagen gel and were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum and antibiotics. When the cells reached confluence or after 2 days in culture, the medium was shifted to DMEM containing 7% horse serum to allow them to differentiate to C2C12 myotubes. We electrically stimulated the myotubes and tissue-engineered skeletal muscle, and contractions were observed under a microscope. The myotubes contracted synchronously with electrical pulses between 0.5 and 5 Hz and unfused tetanus was generated at 10 Hz. The contractile performance of tissue-engineered skeletal muscle made of collagen gel and C2C12 was similar to that of the myotubes. Both the rheobase and chronaxie of the myotubes were lowest when the electric field was applied parallel to the myotube axis, and the values were 8.33 +/- 2.78 mA and 1.19 +/- 0.38 ms, respectively. The motion of C2C12 myotube contraction depended on the pulse frequency and showed anisotropy in the electric field. These results suggest that a tissue-engineered bio-actuator may be controlled using electrical signals.
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  • 10-Step Asymmetric Total Synthesis and Stereochemical Elucidation of (+)-Dragmacidin=E2=80=85D.

    Jackson, Jeffrey J   Kobayashi, Hiroyuki   Steffens, Sophia D   Zakarian, Armen  

    The asymmetric synthesis of dragmacidin=E2=80=85D (1) was completed in 10=E2=80=85steps. Its sole stereocenter was set by using direct asymmetric alkylation enabled by a C2-symmetric tetramine and lithium N-(trimethylsilyl)-tert-butylamide as the enolization reagent. A central Larock indole synthesis was employed in a convergent assembly of the heterocyclic subunits. The stereochemical evidence from this work strongly supports the predicted S configuration at the 6''' position, which is consistent with other members of the dragmacidin family of natural products. =C2=A9 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
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  • Immunological investigation of the hepatic tissue from infants with biliary atresia.

    Baba, Haruna   Ohtsuka, Yoshikazu   Fujii, Tohru   Haruna, Hidenori   Nagata, Satoru   Kobayashi, Hiroyuki   Yamataka, Atsuyuki   Shimizu, Toshiaki   Miyano, Takeshi   Yamashiro, Yuichiro  

    PURPOSE: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous tissue inhibitors [tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs)] have been implicated in tissue injury and remodeling in many organs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of MMP-3 and -9, and TIMP-1, -2, and -3 and their relationship to liver fibrosis in infants with biliary atresia.METHODS: The expression of MMP-3 and-9 and TIMP-1, -2 and -3 was investigated in liver tissue samples of nine patients with biliary atresia. In addition, the expression of CCR-4 and CCR-5 was analyzed to investigate the activation of Th1 and Th2 cells. The mRNA levels were measured by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS: The expression of MMP-3 was higher than that of MMP-9 in all samples (P < 0.01). The expression of TIMP-1 was higher than that of TIMP-2 and -3 in all samples (P < 0.01). The expression of CCR-5 was higher than that of CCR-4 (P < 0.05), which implied higher activation of Th1 cells relative to Th2 cells.CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that MMP-3, possibly induced by Th1 cytokines, and its balance with TIMP-1, may be one of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of biliary atresia.
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  • SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORY AND TEST SYSTEM

    A cell array comprises a word line and a bit line which are connected to a memory cell, and a redundant word line and a redundant bit line which are connected to a redundant memory cell. A reading section reads data held in the memory cell. A defect detecting input section receives a defect detecting signal from a test device. A dummy defect output section outputs a dummy defect signal during a predetermined period of time after the defect detecting input section receives the defect detecting signal. A data output section inverts the logic of the read data outputted from a reading circuit while the dummy defect signal is activated. This enables generation of a pseudo defect by means of a semiconductor memory without changing any test device or test program. More specifically, a single bit defect can be replaced by a predetermined bit line defect or word line defect without changing any testing environment. As a result, the efficiency of the remedy can be improved to reduce the cost of the test.
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  • CYCLIC AMINE DERIVATIVE HAVING SUBSTITUTED ALKYL GROUP

    Disclosed is a compound represented by the general formula (I) below, a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof, or a prodrug thereof. [Chemical formula 1] (I) (In the formula, R 1 represents a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl group, an optionally substituted C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl group or the like; R 2 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a carboxy group, a C 2 -C 7 alkoxycarbonyl group, a carbamoyl group, a cyano group, a C 1 -C 6 alkyl group, a halogeno C 1 -C 6 alkyl group, a C 1 -C 6 alkyl group substituted with a heteroaryl group or the like; R 3 represents a substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl group, a heterocyclyl group, or a mono- to penta-substituted heterocyclyl group; X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 and X 5 independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an amino group, a carboxy group, a carbamoyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C 1 -C 6 alkyl group or the like; and n represents an integer of 0-2.)
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  • SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORY AND SYSTEM

    A plurality of memory cells are provided at the intersections of a plurality of word lines and bit line pairs, respectively. The word line driving circuit activates any one of the word lines with transition from a stand-by period to an active period. A first precharge circuit connects the bit line pair to the precharge voltage line during the stand-by period and disconnects at least the access side of the bit line pair from the precharge voltage line when operation of the word line driving circuit starts. A sense amplifier amplifies the voltage difference of a node pair corresponding to the bit line pair after the operation start of the word line driving circuit. A switch circuit is provided between the bit line pair and the node pair. The switch circuit connects the access side of the bit line pair to the access side of the node pair at the moment of the operation start of the word line driving circuit and disconnects the non-access side of the bit line pair from the non-access side of the node pair at the moment of the operation start the sense amplifier.
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  • EMG/ECG acquisition system with online adjustable parameters using ZigBee wireless technology

    Kobayashi, Hiroyuki  

    This paper deals with a novel wireless biosignal acquisition system employing ZigBee wireless technology, which consists mainly of two components, an intelligent electrode and a data acquisition host. The former is the main topic of this paper. It is placed on a subject's body to amplify biosignals such as EMG or ECG and streams its data at up to 2 ksps. One of the most remarkable features of the intelligent electrode is that it can change its own parameters, both digital and analog, online. The author describes its design first, then introduces a small, light, and low-cost implementation of the intelligent electrode called VAMPIRE-BAT. He then presents some experimental results to confirm its usability and to estimate its practical performances. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(5): 110, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11489 5
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  • SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORY AND MEMORY SYSTEM

    Addresses different from one another are allocated for a plurality of cell arrays. An access information section holds access valid information indicating the number of cell arrays to be simultaneously activated. An array control unit activates a cell array corresponding to the access valid information in response to an access request and forces a cell array not corresponding to the access valid information to be activated in response to a forced access request. This can activate a non-activated cell array not corresponding to the access valid information before issuing the access request. Even if the number of cell arrays to be simultaneously activated is small, access operation can be performed without any interruption. Thus, the power consumption can be minimized to access a cell array without lowering the efficiency of the access.
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  • HOLDING DEVICE AND METHOD OF PRODUCING HONEYCOMB STRUCTURE

    A holding device capable of holding a honeycomb structure at an appropriate attitude and conveying and placing it to a predetermined position in a simplified manner. The holding device has a first holding section having at least two support rollers with the rotation axes in parallel with each other, a second holding section having at least one support roller facing the support rollers of the first holding section, and at least one holding mechanism having the first holding section and the second holding section.The rotation axes of the support rollers of the first holding section and the rotation axis of the support roller of the second holding section are in parallel with each other. When at least either the first holding section or the second holding section is moved, an object is held between the first holding section and the second holding section with the support rollers in between.
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