Over the past decade, the EU has been hit by severe crises. The political turmoil caused by the abandonment of the Constitution for Europe in 2005 had not yet started to ease or the sovereign debt crisis erupted. While the political crisis had hardly any bearing on the financial markets, the sovereign debt crisis almost led to the premature demise of the EU. 'Fails the euro, so falls the EU' chancellor Merkel famously predicted during a speech in the German parliament in 2010. So far, the crises of the EU have been studied in isolation. Political theorists and financial experts are hardly communicating with each other about the nature of the crises they have to analyse and comprehend. By applying an interdisciplinary approach, this paper argues that the turbulent years, which started in 2005 with the rejection of the Constitution for Europe and ended with the renewal of confidence in the euro and the EMU in 2014, may well be regarded as the formative decade of the European Union. By overcoming the crises of the last decennium, the EU has established itself as a new polity on the global stage with an own legal structure and a distinct model of governance. Beyond the Westphalian paradigm, the EU may be described as a Union of citizens and member states, which functions as a common democracy. The hallmarks of the European model of international relations are that a) war has been ruled out as a means of solving conflicts between member states, b) states can share the exercise of sovereignty in a number of fields without losing statehood and c) states can enjoy a single currency without having to merge into a federal state.
A U-m-subnormal subgroup of a finite group is introduced, some new characterizations of the hypercyclically embedded subgroups of a finite group are obtained and a series of known results is generalized.
In this paper we solve the problem of decomposing (lambda + m) Kv+u\lambda K-v into 4-cycles for all and . This paper extends the results of "Enclosings of lambda-fold 4-cycle systems" [Newman and Rodger, Des. Codes Cryptogr. 55:297-310 (2010)].
Let M be a 2-torsion free prime Gamma-ring satisfying the condition a alpha b beta c=a beta b alpha c,a,b,cM and alpha,betaGamma, U be an admissible Lie ideal of M and F=(f i ) iN be a generalized higher (U,M)-derivation of M with an associated higher (U,M)-derivation D=(d i ) iN of M. Then for all nN we prove that [Formula: see text]. Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 13N15; 16W10; 17C50.
Structural and electronic properties of the cubic perovskites BaMO 3 (M=Pr, Th and U) are theoretically investigated by using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method. The exchange correlation of GGA+U is employed in the present DFT calculations to treat the f electrons properly. The structural parameters of the compounds are also evaluated by analytical techniques. The calculated structural parameters by both techniques are found in agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, the calculated tolerance factors confirm the experimentally observed cubic structure for all the three compounds. The evaluated critical radii of the compounds provide information about the oxygen migration energy and ion conductivity and they also reveals that BaPrO 3 posses the highest migration energy. The spin-polarized band structures show that BaPrO 3 is a wide band gap semiconductor, BaUO 3 is half-metal and BaThO 3 is insulator. The magnetic studies of these compounds reveals that BaPrO 3 is anti-ferromagnetic, BaThO 3 is nonmagnetic/paramagnetic and BaUO 3 is ferromagnetic material. [All rights reserved Elsevier].
Ireneusz Bąk
Anna Domeracka-Kołodziej
Daniel Majszyk
Antoni Bruzgielewicz
Kazimierz Niemczyk
Abstract Transsexualism is a gender identity disorder. Change of vocal pitch towards that typical of the target gender is part of the treatment received by transsexual patients. Voice rehabilitation and phonosurgery are used for voice treatment of M/F type transsexuals. We performed a thyroplasty type IV on a 22-year-old patient with a good result. Currently, this type of surgery is the most popular method of vocal pitch elevation in M/F type transsexuals.