Hernandez, A.
Perez, M.C.
Garcia, J.J.
Jimenez, A.
Garcia, J.C.
Espinosa, F.
Mazo, M.
Urena, J.
The current stage of railway transportation systems must deal with increased safety and reliability issues. A key point is improving occupancy track circuit performance and providing them with redundancy, higher noise immunity, and the capability to acquire additional information about the track section involved. This work proposes a novel track circuit based on the encoding of the electrical transmissions with Kasami codes. Track circuit emitters send signals coded with a known sequence that can be identified by the corresponding receivers using correlation techniques; these processes increase immunity to noise and changes in environmental conditions. An appropriate selection of orthogonal sequences for encoding, as well as different carrier frequencies for transmissions, allow simultaneous emissions and receptions without cross interference.
This paper presents results from tests to assess the use of anaerobic adhesive for providing a prevailing torque locking feature in threaded fasteners. Test procedures are developed and tests are performed on three fastener materials, four anaerobic adhesives, and both seated and unseated assembly conditions. Five to ten samples are tested for each combination. Tests for initial use, reuse without additional adhesive, and reuse with additional adhesive are performed for all samples. A 48 h cure time was used for all initial use and reuse tests. Test data are presented as removal torque versus removal angle with the specification required prevailing torque range added for performance assessment. Percent specification pass rates for all combinations of fastener material, adhesive, and assembly condition are tabulated and reveal use of anaerobic adhesive as a prevailing torque locking feature is viable. Although not every possible fastener material and anaerobic adhesive combination provides prevailing torque values within specification, any combination can be assessed using the test procedures presented. Reuse without additional anaerobic adhesive generally provides some prevailing torque, and in some cases within specification. Reuse with additional adhesive often provides comparable removal torque data as in initial use.
Hernandez, A.
Mayordomo, J.G.
Asensi, R.
Beites, L.F.
In this paper, propagation in the network of flicker produced by rapidly varying loads is analyzed by means of a new frequency domain method. By this method, the flicker level can be determined at any bus of the network when one or several loads operate simultaneously. Flicker summation effect is considered and the results obtained are compared with the summation laws proposed by IEC. The propagation algorithm has been applied to the 14-buses IEEE network and to the Spanish transmission system. The method has been validated with measurements performed with the standardized IEC flickermeter
del Pino, F.J.
Garcia, J.
Gonzalez, B.
Sendra, J.R.
Hernandez, A.
Garcia-Alonso, A.
Nunez, A.
Integrated inductors are key components in Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFICs) because they are needed in several building blocks, such as voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs), low-noise amplifiers (LNAs), mixers, or filters. The cost reduction, achieved in the circuit assemblage, makes them preferable to Surface Mounted Devices in spite of the different sources of lost that limits the use of integrated inductors; there are losses associated with the semiconductor substrate, and losses in the metals. We report, in this work, our research in modeling integrated inductors, particularly the losses in the metals. The model is derived from measurements taken from integrated spiral inductors designed and fabricated in a standard silicon process. The measurements reveal that the widely accepted lumped equivalent model does not properly predict the integrated inductor behavior at frequencies above 3 GHz for our technology. We propose a simple modification in the lumped equivalent circuit model: the introduction of an empirical resistor in the port 1-to-port 2 branch of the equivalent circuit. As a result, it is demonstrated that the integrated inductor behavior is adequately predicted in a wider frequency range than does the conventional model. We also report a new methodology for characterizing the integrated inductors including the new resistor. In addition, the new model is used to build-up an integrated inductor library containing optimized integrated inductors
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