This paper mainly description image enhance based on wavelet transform. The author gave the theory of wavelet analysis, the application of wavelet transform in image enhancement. The impression drawing is given by means of MATLAB simulation. Through tone up to disperse wavelet transform, rebuild coefficient, the siginal of image is more boost up in low contrast section than high contrast section, the margin is distinct.

Purpose: Mechanical stimulation, a crucial factor for maintaining the cartilaginous phenotype and promoting the chondrogenesis, has been widely used in autologous chondrocyte transplantation. This study was designed to investigate a novel concept of mechanical refractory period of chondrocytes after dynamic hydrostatic pressure (dHP). Materials and methods: dHP protocols (0.1 Hz, 2 MPa) were applied. The variation in type II collagen (Col II) expression induced by each dHP unit was measured. The dynamic remodeling of F-actin during the mechanical protocols was observed morphologically and mechanically by laser confocal microscopy and optical magnetic twisting cytometry (OMTC), respectively. About 20 ng/ml VEGF was used to stabilize the F-actin and restrain the mechanical refractory period. Results: Compared with the remarkable increase of Col II (16-fold) induced by the initial dHP unit, the chondrocytes entered a mechanical refractory period and the second unit hardly elevated Col II expression (only 2.9-fold). This refractory period recovered partially within 2 h. The uniform, parallel, and coarse fibers of F-actin before dHP became thin, sparse, and disordered, and the cell stiffness decreased concomitantly. The variations in both the morphology and the mechanical property of F-actin were highly synchronous to the mechanical refractory period and recovered in a time-dependent manner. VEGF postponed the appearance of this refractory period and maintained the high expression of Col II by VEGF/p38/MAPKAPK-2/LIMK/cofilin pathway. Conclusion: A mechanical refractory period of chondrocytes has been discovered and defined in this study. The F-actin depolymerization is the putative mechanism, and this refractory period can be postponed by VEGF-induced F-actin stabilization.

Highlights • ER/PM microdomains are formed by tethering proteins such as the E-syts VAPs and the yeast homologues of Ist2. • The ER/PM microdomains are divided to PI(4,5)P2-poor and PI(4,5)P2-rich domains. • Dynamic translocation between the PI(4,5)P2-poor and PI(4,5)P2-rich domains is a new form of regulation of proteins in the ER/PM microdomains. • Translocation of the Orai1–STIM1 complex from the PI(4,5)P2-poor to the PI(4,5)P2-rich domains determines STIM1 conformation and Orai1 gating by Ca2+. Abstract All forms of cell signaling occur in discreet cellular microdomains in which the ER is the main participant and include microdomains formed by the ER with lysosomes, endosomes, the nucleus, mitochondria and the plasma membrane. In the microdomains the two opposing organelles transfer and exchange constituents including lipids and ions. As is the case for other forms of signaling pathways, many components of the receptor-evoked Ca2+ signal are clustered at the ER/PM microdomain, including the Orai1–STIM1 complex. This review discusses recent advances in understanding the molecular components that tether the ER and plasma membrane to form the ER/PM microdomains in which PI(4,5)P2 is enriched, and how dynamic targeting of the Orai1–STIM1 complex to PI(4,5)P2-poor and PI(4,5)P2-rich microdomains controls the activity of Orai1 and its regulation by Ca2+ that is mediated by SARAF. Graphical abstract

The present invention provides methods for treatment of IVD degeneration and/or LDD in a subject having symptoms of IVD degeneration and/or LDD comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of Parathyroid hormone (PTH) or a functional fragment or analog thereof. Reduction in IVD degeneration and regeneration of IVD using the inventive methods is also provided.

Methods and compositions for promoting coupling between bone formation and bone resorption are provided. The method related to administering a therapeutically effective amount of a rho inhibitor, a Transforming Growth Factor ß receptor I (TßRI) inhibitor or a combination thereof to a subject. The methods and compositions are useful, for example, in a subject with a disorder linked to an imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption.

Challenges remain in imaging fast biological processes in vivo with fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) due to the long data acquisition time. Data acquisition with limited projections can greatly reduce the time consumption, but the influence of limited-projection on reconstruction quality is currently unclear. Both numerical simulations and a phantom experiment are conducted to analyze this problem. Through a systematic investigation of all the results reconstructed from different numbers of projections, we evaluate the influence of limited-projection data on FMT. A mouse experiment is also performed to validate our work. A general relationship between the number of projections and reconstruction quality is obtained which indicates that the projection number of three is preferred for fast FMT experiment.