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Now showing items 113 - 128 of 201

  • Patterns of soil nitrogen mineralization under a land use change from desert to farmland

    Yang, R.   Du, Z   Kong, J.   Su, Y.   Xiao, X.   Liu, T.   Wang, M.   Fan, G.  

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  • LayerP2P: A New Data Scheduling Approach for Layered Streaming in Heterogeneous Networks

    Zhang, Q.   Gao, Y.   Shi, Y.   Xiao, X.  

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  • DarkSide-20k:A 20 tonne two-phase LAr TPC for direct dark matter detection at LNGS

    Aalseth, C. E.   Acerbi, F.   Agnes, P.   Albuquerque, I. F. M.   Alexander, T.   Alici, A.   Alton, A. K.   Antonioli, P.   Arcelli, S.   Ardito, R.   Arnquist, I. J.   Asner, D. M.   Ave, M.   Back, H. O.   Barrado Olmedo, A. I.   Batignani, G.   Bertoldo, E.   Bettarini, S.   Bisogni, M. G.   Bocci, V.   Bondar, A.   Bonfini, G.   Bonivento, W.   Bossa, M.   Bottino, B.   Boulay, M.   Bunker, R.   Bussino, S.   Buzulutskov, A.   Cadeddu, M.   Cadoni, M.   Caminata, A.   Canci, N.   Candela, A.   Cantini, C.   Caravati, M.   Cariello, M.   Carlini, M.   Carpinelli, M.   Castellani, A.   Catalanotti, S.   Cataudella, V.   Cavalcante, P.   Cavuoti, S.   Cereseto, R.   Chepurnov, A.   Cicalo, C.   Cifarelli, L.   Citterio, M.   Cocco, A. G.   Colocci, M.   Corgiolu, S.   Covone, G.   Crivelli, P.   D'Antone, I.   D'Incecco, M.   D'Urso, D.   Rolo, M. D. Da Rocha   Daniel, M.   Davini, S.   De Candia, A.   De Cecco, S.   De Deo, M.   De Filippis, G.   De Guido, G.   De Rosa, G.   Dellacasa, G.   Della Valle, M.   Demontis, P.   Derbin, A.   Devoto, A.   Di Eusanio, F.   Di Pietro, G.   Dionisi, C.   Dolgov, A.   Dormia, I.   Dussoni, S.   Empl, A.   Fernandez Diaz, M.   Ferri, A.   Filip, C.   Fiorillo, G.   Fomenko, K.   Franco, D.   Froudakis, G. E.   Gabriele, F.   Gabrieli, A.   Galbiati, C.   Garcia Abia, P.   Gendotti, A.   Ghisi, A.   Giagu, S.   Giampa, P.   Gibertoni, G.   Giganti, C.   Giorgi, M. A.   Giovanetti, G. K.   Gligan, M. L.   Gola, A.   Gorchakov, O.   Goretti, A. M.   Granato, F.   Grassi, M.   Grate, J. W.   Grigoriev, G. Y.   Gromov, M.   Guan, M.   Guerra, M. B. B.   Guerzoni, M.   Gulino, M.   Haaland, R. K.   Hallin, A.   Harrop, B.   Hoppe, E. W.   Horikawa, S.   Hosseini, B.   Hughes, D.   Humble, P.   Hungerford, E. V.   Ianni, An   Jillings, C.   Johnson, T. N.   Keeter, K.   Kendziora, C. L.   Kim, S.   Koh, G.   Korablev, D.   Korga, G.   Kubankin, A.   Kuss, M.   Kuzniak, M.   La Commara, M.   Lehnert, B.   Li, X.   Lissia, M.   Lodi, G. U.   Loer, B.   Longo, G.   Loverre, P.   Lussana, R.   Luzzi, L.   Ma, Y.   Machado, A. A.   Machulin, I. N.   Mandarano, A.   Mapelli, L.   Marcante, M.   Margotti, A.   Mari, S. M.   Mariani, M.   Maricic, J.   Martoff, C. J.   Mascia, M.   Mayer, M.   McDonald, A. B.   Messina, A.   Meyers, P. D.   Milincic, R.   Moggi, A.   Moioli, S.   Monroe, J.   Monte, A.   Morrocchi, M.   Mount, B. J.   Mu, W.   Muratova, V. N.   Murphy, S.   Musico, P.   Nania, R.   Agasson, A. Navrer   Nikulin, I.   Nosov, V.   Nozdrina, A. O.   Nurakhov, N. N.   Oleinik, A.   Oleynikov, V.   Orsini, M.   Ortica, F.   Pagani, L.   Pallavicini, M.   Palmas, S.   Pandola, L.   Pantic, E.   Paoloni, E.   Paternoster, G.   Pavletcov, V.   Pazzona, F.   Peeters, S.   Pelczar, K.   Pellegrini, L. A.   Pelliccia, N.   Perotti, F.   Perruzza, R.   Pesudo, V.   Piemonte, C.   Pilo, F.   Pocar, A.   Pollmann, T.   Portaluppi, D.   Pugachev, D. A.   Qian, H.   Radics, B.   Raffaelli, F.   Ragusa, F.   Razeti, M.   Razeto, A.   Regazzoni, V.   Regenfus, C.   Reinhold, B.   Renshaw, A. L.   Rescigno, M.   Retiere, F.   Riffard, Q.   Rivetti, A.   Rizzardini, S.   Romani, A.   Romero, L.   Rossi, B.   Rossi, N.   Rubbia, A.   Sablone, D.   Salatino, P.   Samoylov, O.   Garcia, E. Sanchez   Sands, W.   Sanfilippo, S.   Sant, M.   Santorelli, R.   Savarese, C.   Scapparone, E.   Schlitzer, B.   Scioli, G.   Segreto, E.   Seifert, A.   Semenov, D. A.   Shchagin, A.   Shekhtman, L.   Shemyakina, E.   Sheshukov, A.   Simeone, M.   Singh, P. N.   Skensved, P.   Skorokhvatov, M. D.   Smirnov, O.   Sobrero, G.   Sokolov, A.   Sotnikov, A.   Speziale, F.   Stainforth, R.   Stanford, C.   Suffritti, G. B.   Suvorov, Y.   Tartaglia, R.   Testera, G.   Tonazzo, A.   Tosi, A.   Trinchese, P.   Unzhakov, E. V.   Vacca, A.   Vazquez-Jauregui, E.   Verducci, M.   Viant, T.   Villa, F.   Vishneva, A.   Vogelaar, B.   Wada, M.   Wahl, J.   Walding, J.   Wang, H.   Wang, Y.   Watson, A. W.   Westerdale, S.   Williams, R.   Wojcik, M. M.   Wu, S.   Xiang, X.   Xiao, X.   Yang, C.   Ye, Z.   Yllera de Llano, A.   Zappa, F.   Zappala, G.   Zhu, C.   Zichichi, A.   Zullo, M.   Zullo, A.   Zuzel, G.  

    Building on the successful experience in operating the DarkSide-50 detector, the DarkSide Collaboration is going to construct DarkSide-20k, a direct WIMP search detector using a two-phase Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LAr TPC) with an active (fiducial) mass of 23t (20t). This paper describes a preliminary design for the experiment, in which the DarkSide-20k LAr TPC is deployed within a shield/veto with a spherical Liquid Scintillator Veto (LSV) inside a cylindrical Water Cherenkov Veto (WCV). This preliminary design provides a baseline for the experiment to achieve its physics goals, while further development work will lead to the final optimization of the detector parameters and an eventual technical design. Operation of DarkSide-50 demonstrated a major reduction in the dominant Ar-39 background when using argon extracted from an underground source, before applying pulse shape analysis. Data from DarkSide-50, in combination with MC simulation and analytical modeling, shows that a rejection factor for discrimination between electron and nuclear recoils of > 3 x 10(9) is achievable. This, along with the use of the veto system and utilizing silicon photomultipliers in the LAr TPC, are the keys to unlocking the path to large LAr TPC detector masses, while maintaining an experiment in which less than < 0.1 events (other than v-induced nuclear recoils) is expected to occur within the WIMP search region during the planned exposure. DarkSide-20k will have ultra-low backgrounds than can be measured in situ, giving sensitivity to WIMP-nucleon cross sections of 1.2 x 10(-47) cm(2) (1.1 x 10(-46) cm(2)) for WIMPs of 1 TeV/c(2) (10 TeV/c(2)) mass, to be achieved during a 5yr run producing an exposure of 100 t yr free from any instrumental background.
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  • ADVANCES IN ACTINIDIA BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

    Xiao, X.  

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  • Systemic delivery of AAV8 in utero results in gene expression in diaphragm and limb muscle: treatment implications for muscle disorders

    Koppanati, B. M.   Li, J.   Xiao, X.   Clemens, P. R.  

    One of the major challenges in the treatment of primary muscle disorders, which often affect many muscle groups, is achieving efficient, widespread transgene expression in muscle. In utero gene transfer can potentially address this problem by accomplishing the gene delivery when the tissue mass is small and the immune system is immature. Earlier studies with systemic in utero adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector serotype 1 gene delivery to embryonic day 16 (E-16) pups resulted in high levels of transduction in diaphragm and intercostal muscles, but no detectable transgene expression in limb muscles. Recently, newer AAV serotypes, such as AAV8, have shown widespread and high transgene expression in skeletal muscles and diaphragm by systemic delivery in adult and neonatal mice. We tested AAV8 vector gene delivery by intraperitoneal administration in E-16 mice in utero. Using an AAV8 vector carrying a lacZ reporter gene, we observed high-level transduction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles and more moderate transduction of multiple limb muscles and heart. Our current studies show the potential of AAV8 to achieve widespread muscle transduction in utero and suggest its therapeutic potential for primary muscle disorders. Gene Therapy (2009) 16, 1130-1137; doi: 10.1038/gt.2009.71; published online 28 May 2009
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  • SYK interaction with ITG beta 4 suppressed by Epstein-Barr virus LMP2A modulates migration and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells

    Zhou, X.   Matskova, L.   Rathje, L-Sz   Xiao, X.   Gish, G.   Werner, M.   Ignatyev, I.   Yu, N.   Zhao, W.   Tian, F.   Hou, B.   Zhang, Z.   Pawson, T.   Chen, F.   Ernberg, I.  

    Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded Latent Membrane Protein 2A (LMP2A) is an EBV latency-associated protein regularly expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In B cells, LMP2A activity resembles that of a constitutively activated antigen receptor, which recruits the Syk tyrosine kinase to activate a set of downstream signaling pathways. LMP2A also downregulates cellular Syk levels. In the present study, we demonstrate that Syk interacts with the integrin beta 4 subunit (ITG beta 4) of integrin alpha 6 beta 4 in epithelial cells and that concurrent LMP2A expression interferes with this interaction by competitive binding to Syk. We find that both Syk and LMP2A have an effect on ITG beta 4 cell surface expression. However, in LMP2A expressing cells, ITG beta 4 remains concentrated at the cellular protrusions, an expression pattern characteristic of motile cells, including NPC-derived epithelial cells. This effect of LMP2A on ITG beta 4 localization is associated with a greater propensity for migration and invasion in-vitro, and may contribute to the invasive property of LMP2A-expressing NPC.
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  • Hepatic fibrosis with choledochal cyst in infants and children - An immunohistochemical assessment

    Gong, Z. H.   Xiao, X.   Chen, L.  

    Methods: The study population was divided into 4 groups: 12 infants with choledochal cyst, aged 4 in to 12 m, were classified as the infant choledochal cyst (ICC) group; 36 children, aged 1 y to 14 y, were classified as the children with choledochal cyst (CCC) group; while 18 patients, aged 2 m to 5 in, with biliary atresia (BA) were included as positive controls; and 14 infants, aged 1 d to 3 y, who died from non-liver diseases served as negative controls (CON). Liver specimens were examined using H&E sections to score fibrosis by means of Ohkuma's classification, and immunohistochemical sections were evaluated by counting the cells positive for cytokeratin (CK) and human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) to discover the pathogenic factors of fibrosis. Results: Most ICC patients had clinical biliary obstruction. The liver fibrosis score was highest in the BA group (2.9 +/- 0.7). The fibrosis score in the ICC group was higher (2.5 +/- 0.9) than that of the CCC (1.5 +/- 1.2; p < 0.05) and of the CON (0.1 +/- 0.4; p < 0.01) groups. The densities of CK-positive cells were 164 +/- 80/HP, 253 +/- 165/HP, 70 +/- 57/HP and 23 +/- 12/HP in the BA, ICC, CCC and CON groups, respectively, and differed significantly (p < 0.01) with the exception of the ICC vs. the BA group. The densities of HLA-DR positive cells were 130 +/- 72/HP, 98 +/- 54/HP, 96 +/- 50/HP and 36 +/- 13/HP in the portal area in the BA, ICC, CCC and CON groups, respectively. The density was lowest in the CON group (p < 0.01). Conclusion: In patients with choledochal cyst, liver fibrosis is more common and severe in infants than in children. Obstruction of the bile duct and proliferation of bile duct cells were the main pathogenic factors for fibrosis, while HLA-DR mediating immuno-injury may play a limited role.
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  • Characterization of Damage Evolution in SiC Particle Reinforced Al Alloy Matrix Composites by In-Situ X-Ray Synchrotron Tomography RID A-3433-2008

    Williams, J. J.   Chapman, N. C.   Jakkali, V.   Tanna, V. A.   Chawla, N.   Xiao, X.   De Carlo, F.  

    We carried out a detailed investigation of the damage behavior of SiC particle reinforced 2080 Al alloy matrix composites by in-situ X-ray synchrotron tomography. We studied the tensile damage behavior of a peak-aged aluminum matrix composite. The main damage mode was SiC particle fracture with a very small contribution from void growth. The onset of damage takes place very close to the ultimate tensile strength of the composite. Particle fracture damage is stochastic in nature and is confined to a small distance from the fracture plane. Minimal void growth is observed, primarily at pre-existing microscopic voids from processing. Microstructure-based simulations, based on two-dimensional (2-D) images from the tomography data sets, show the importance of particle distribution and morphology on the evolution of plastic strain and damage in the composite.
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  • Use of ultra-high-strength bars for seismic performance of rectangular high-strength concrete frame columns

    Xiao, X.   Guan, F.L.   Yan, S.  

    The application of high-strength concrete (HSC) in high-rise structures is becoming an increasingly used practice. In order to improve the ductility of HSC, many studies are conducted worldwide. In this paper, the effect of ultra-high-strength reinforcement on the seismic behaviour of HSC columns is investigated through numerical analysis and experiments. The results of the numerical analysis are compared with the experimental results. The comparison shows that the numerical analysis results agree very well with the experiments. The results also show that the flexural behaviour of the columns can be effectively improved by use of mixed ultra-high-strength steel bars with a yield strength above 1000 MPa and normal-strength steel bars for the longitudinal reinforcement. Moreover, the test also shows that the ductility of HSC columns, which are reinforced by an ultra-strength stirrup rebar, is better than that of a column which is confined by the normal reinforcement, especially in the case of high-strength concrete columns with compression strength above C60. Finally, an experiential formula for the ductility, which is related to the yield strength of ultra-high-strength steel bars, was derived on the basic of test data and numerical analysis results.
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  • Understanding fatigue crack growth in aluminum alloys by in situ X-ray synchrotron tomography

    Williams, J. J.   Yazzie, K. E.   Padilla, E.   Chawla, N.   Xiao, X.   De Carlo, F.  

    In situ 3D X-ray synchrotron tomography of fatigue crack growth was conducted in a 7075-T6 aluminum alloy. Local measurements of da/dN were possible with the 3D data sets obtained from tomography. In situ measurements of crack opening displacement (COD) were obtained, illustrating the possibilities for quantifying fatigue crack closure. Quantitative microstructural analysis enabled an assessment of the role of brittle inclusions on fatigue crack propagation. A significant increase in preferential crack growth through the inclusions was observed. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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  • Effects of Environmental Oxygen Content and Dissolved Oxygen on the Surface Tension and Viscosity of Liquid Nickel

    SanSoucie, M. P.   Rogers, J. R.   Kumar, V.   Rodriguez, J.   Xiao, X.   Matson, D. M.  

    The NASA Marshall Space Flight Center's electrostatic levitation (ESL) laboratory has recently added an oxygen partial pressure controller. This system allows the oxygen partial pressure within the vacuum chamber to be measured and controlled in the range from approximately 10(-28) to 10(-9) bar, while in a vacuum atmosphere. The oxygen control system installed in the ESL laboratory's main chamber consists of an oxygen sensor, oxygen pump, and a control unit. The sensor is a potentiometric device that determines the difference in oxygen activity in two gas compartments (inside the chamber and the air outside of the chamber) separated by an electrolyte. The pump utilizes coulometric titration to either add or remove oxygen. The system is controlled by a desktop control unit, which can also be accessed via a computer. The controller performs temperature control for the sensor and pump, has a PID-based current loop and a control algorithm. Oxygen partial pressure has been shown to play a significant role in the surface tension of liquid metals. Oxide films or dissolved oxygen may lead to significant changes in surface tension. The effects on surface tension and viscosity by oxygen partial pressure in the surrounding environment and the melt dissolved oxygen content will be evaluated, and the results will be presented. The surface tension and viscosity will be measured at several different oxygen partial pressures while the sample is undercooled. Surface tension and viscosity will be measured using the oscillating droplet method.
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  • Stanford accelerated intelligent neuromodulation therapy for treatment-resistant depression (SAINT-TRD)

    Cole, E.   Gulser, M.   Stimpson, K.   Bentzley, B.   Hawkins, J.   Xiao, X.   Schatzberg, A.   Sudheimer, K.   Williams, N.  

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  • The Origin of Stress in the Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Carbon Electrodes for Li Ion Batteries

    Tokranov, A.   Sheldon, B. W.   Lu, P.   Xiao, X.   Mukhopadhyay, A.  

    This paper focuses on stress generation during the initial stages of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) formation on graphite electrodes. C-axis oriented graphitic carbon, grown via chemical vapor deposition (CVD), is used as a model system for this study, to enable reliable characterization using Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) and X-ray Photo-electron Spectroscopy (XPS). The SET formation was also probed by recording the stress development in-situ during constant voltage holds above the lithium intercalation threshold, using a Multi-beam Optical Stress Sensor (MOSS). This provides direct correlations between the potential, current and stress. SIMS and XPS analysis of the surface chemistry of the cycled samples show high carbon content near the surface. Cross-sectional TEM indicates that these surface layers are predominantly amorphous. Based on the evidence and analysis, the stress in this amorphous layer is believed to play an important role in stabilizing the inorganic SET layer. An understanding of this interlayer can be used to design a more mechanically stable SET layer, and is also potentially relevant to,other electrode materials which show much higher volume expansions. (C) 2013 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
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  • Cumulative Soil Water Evaporation as a Function of Depth and Time

    Xiao, X.   Horton, R.   Sauer, T. J.   Heitman, J. L.   Ren, T.  

    Soil water evaporation is an important component of the surface water balance and the surface energy balance. Accurate and dynamic measurements of soil water evaporation enhance the understanding of water and energy partitioning at the land-atmosphere interface. The objective of this study was to measure the cumulative soil water evaporation with time and depth in a bare field. Cumulative water evaporation at the soil surface was measured by the Bowen ratio method. Subsurface cumulative soil water evaporation was determined with the heat pulse method at fine-scale depth increments. Following rainfall, the subsurface cumulative evaporation curves followed a pattern similar to the surface cumulative evaporation curve, with approximately a 2-d lag before evaporation was indicated at the 3- and 9-mm soil depths, and several more days' delay in deeper soil layers. For a 21-d period in 2007, the cumulative evaporation totals at soil depths of 0, 3, 9, 15, and 21 mm were 60, 44, 29, 13, and 8 mm, respectively. For a 16-d period in 2008, the cumulative evaporation totals at soil depths of 0, 3, 9, 15, and 21 mm were 32, 25, 16, 10, and 5 mm, respectively. Cumulative evaporation results from the Bowen ratio and heat pulse methods indicated a consistent dynamic pattern for surface and subsurface water evaporation with both time and depth. These findings suggest that heat pulse sensors can accurately measure subsurface soil water evaporation during several wetting-drying cycles.
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  • A-site substitution effects on the magnetic and transport properties in La1.4-zYzSr1.6-yBayMn2O7

    Yu, G. Q.   Yuan, S. L.   Ren, G. M.   Xiao, X.   Miao, J. H.   Wang, Y. Q.   Yin, S. Y.   Liu, L.  

    The magnetic and transport properties of bilayer manganites La1.4-zYzSr1.6-yBayMn2O7 (z = 0, 0.05; y = 0, 0.05) have been investigated. Doping reduces the magnetization and conductance, and shifts magnetic transition temperature and insulator-metal transition temperature to lower temperature. Different changes of magnetic and transport behaviors among Y doping (y = 0; z = 0.05), Ba doping (y = 0.05; z = 0) and Y and Ba co-doping (Y = z = 0.05) are observed. These results can be explained by considering A-site ionic size mismatch, the orbital character of e, electrons, and the Y and Ba preferential occupancy. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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  • Characterization of apolipoprotein A-I as a potential biomarker for cholangiocarcinoma

    Wang, X.   Dai, S.   Zhang, Z.   Liu, L.   Wang, J.   Xiao, X.   He, D.   Liu, B.  

    Serum samples from 60 cholangiocarcinoma (CC), 60 benign diseases of hepatobiliary and 53 normal individuals were analysed by SELDI-TOF-MS (Surface Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry). It was found that a 28 k m/z peak was significantly decreased in CC and retained discriminatory value between CC and normal group, also between CC and benign groups. Then 1-D, 2-D gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectroscopy were employed to isolate and identify the protein that correlates with observed SELDI-TOF-MS (m/z) value. The results demonstrated that 28 k m/z peak was apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) and its identity was further validated by immunodepletion and Western blotting analysis. Subsequently, it was inspiring found that the decreased level of ApoA-I analysed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was consistent with SELDI-TOF-MS analysis. Therefore, it suggested that ApoA-I could be a potential useful biomarker for CC.
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