Geospatial information contains not only spatial information and attribute information, but also the information related with spatial information evolvement. As the development of the instruments and technology to acquire geospatial information, more and more geographical information contains spatial-temporal information, as a result, temporal-GIS(Temporal-Geographic Information System, TGIS for short) comes into being. Temporal-GIS could analyze and solve the spatial evolvement characteristics in geographical phenomenon, and reproduce the spatial-temporal scene of real world. This project is focusing on the dynamic visualization of geospatial data based on temporal-GIS, designing the interpreter arithmetic for geospatial polygon dynamic display, building dynamic display model based on temporal-GIS, subsequently, the model is used to analysis and solve the dynamic evolution characteristics of geographic phenomenon, reproduce the real-world temporal -spatial scenes, predict the developing trend of geo-data with the visualization methods.

The present Internet is not trustworthy, partially because the routing system forwards packets only according to destination IP address. Forged packets with mendacious source IP address will also be brought to the destination, which can be utilized to compromise the destination machine. In this paper, we propose to enhance BGP by adding Route Selection Notice functionality. With BGP Route Selection Notice, Autonomous Systems can validate the authenticity of incoming IP packets and filter out improper packets to make routing infrastructure offer support to trustworthy service. BGP Route Selection Notice does not impair the routing function of BGP and with proper design its bandwidth cost and convergence delay is acceptable which is proved by our simulation.

Grasslands occupy 40% of the world's land surface (excluding Antarctica and Greenland) and support diverse groups, from traditional extensive nomadic to intense livestock-production systems. Population pressures mean that many of these grasslands are in a degraded state, particularly in less-productive areas of developing countries, affecting not only productivity but also vital environmental services such as hydrology, biodiversity, and carbon cycles; livestock condition is often poor and household incomes are at or below poverty levels. The challenge is to optimize management practices that result in "win-win" outcomes for grasslands, the environment, and households. A case study is discussed from northwestern China, where it has been possible to reduce animal numbers considerably by using an energy-balance/market-based approach while improving household incomes, providing conditions within which grassland recovery is possible. This bottom-up approach was supported by informing and working with the six layers of government in China to build appropriate policies. Further policy implications are considered. Additional gains in grassland rehabilitation could be fostered through targeted environmental payment schemes. Other aspects of the livestock production system that can be modified are discussed. This work built a strategy that has implications for many other grassland areas around the world where common problems apply.

On the basis of the equilateral octahedron in the sphere, the global is recursively subdivided. With level of subdivision increasing, subdivision speed will descend markedly. So for the deeper hierarchy of subdivision, local subdivision is chosen. After the sphere is divided, to display the proper area, the correct cells should be found. So when the specific region is showed, its central cell needs to be as initial search cell to find grid cells within a certain range, and then show. Grid cells after subdivided can not achieve the ideal that the cells have the equal area and the equal shape, which affects the effect of display and the accuracy of search. Through the analysis of cell distortion, it is known that the basic attributes of cells distribute according to a certain law. With level of subdivision increasing, the changes tend to be stable which ensures the reliability of the deeper levels subdivision.

Both soil nematodes and microorganisms have been shown to be sensitive bioindicators of soil recovery in metal-contaminated habitats; however, the underlying processes are poorly understood. We investigated the relationship among soil microbial community composition, nematode community structure and soil aluminum (Al) content in different vegetated aluminum-rich ecosystems. Our results demonstrated that there were greater soil bacterial, fungal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal biomass in Syzygium cumini plantation, greater abundance of soil nematodes in Acacia auriculiformis plantation, and greater abundance of soil predatory and herbivorous nematodes in Schima wallichii plantation. The concentration of water-soluble Al was normally greater in vegetated than non-vegetated soil. The residual Al and total Al concentrations showed a significant decrease after planting S. cumini plantation onto the shale dump. Acid extractable, reducible and oxidisable Al concentrations were greater in S. wallichii plantation. Stepwise linear regression analysis suggests the concentrations of water-soluble Al and total Al content explain the most variance associated with nematode assembly; whereas, the abundance of early-successional nematode taxa was explained mostly by soil moisture, soil organic C and total N rather than the concentrations of different forms of Al. In contrast, no significant main effects of either Al or soil physico-chemical characteristics on soil microbial biomass were observed. Our study suggests that vegetation was the primary driver on soil nematodes and microorganisms and it also could regulate the sensitivity of bio-indicator role mainly through the alteration of soil Al and physico-chemical characteristics, and S. cumini is effective for amending the Al contaminated soils.

The biomass and productivity of Schima superba-Castanopsis carlesii forests in Tiantong, Zhejiang Province, were determined using overlapping quadrants and stem analyses. The total community biomass was (225.3 +/- 30.1) t hm(-2), of which the aboveground parts accounted for 72.0% and the underground parts accounted for 28.0%. About 87.2% of biomass existed in the tree layer. The resprouting biomass was small, of which over 95.0% occurred in the shrub layer. The productivity of the aboveground parts of the community was (386.8 +/- 98.9) g m(-2)a(-1), in which more than 96.0% was present at the tree level. The trunk's contribution to productivity was the greatest, while that of leaves was the smallest. In China, the community biomass of subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests differs significantly with the age of the forest. The community biomass of the 52-year-old S. superba-C. carlesii forests in this study was lower than the average biomass of subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests in China, and was lower than the biomass of other subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests elsewhere in the world. Moreover, its productivity was lower than the model estimate, indicating that without disturbance, this community has great developmental potential in terms of community biomass and productivity.

The IP packet forwarding of current Internet is mainly destination based. In the forwarding process, the source IP address is not checked in most cases. This causes serious security, management and accounting problems. Based on the drastically increased IPv6 address space, a "source address validation architecture" (SAVA) is proposed in this paper, which can guarantee that every packet received and forwarded holds an authenticated source IP address. The design goals of the architecture are lightweight, loose coupling, "multi-fence support" and incremental deployment. This paper discusses the design and implementation for the architecture, including inter-AS, intra-AS and local subnet. The performance and scalability of SAVA are described. This architecture is deployed into the CNGI-CERNET2 infrastructure-a large-scale native IPv6 backbone network of the China Next Generation Internet project. We believe that the SAVA will help the transition to a new, more secure and dependable Internet.

Representing RS (remote sensing) images under multi-resolution is a key component of "Digital Earth", and becomes one of the fundamental problems in Geography and Spatial Information Science. QTM (Quaternary Triangular Mesh) with excellent features of global continuity, stability, hierarchy, and uniformity has the potential ability to represent the global model. In this paper, we present a method of displaying the RS images. This method is primarily divided into two steps. First, the calculated geographical coordinate of each pixel in a dataset is transformed into a QTM code at a proper subdivision level, and the pixel value is also mapped into a triangular cell which is correlative to the pixel. Second, all the triangular cells are displayed by the use of OpenGL. The transformation from geographical coordinates to QTM codes are also examined at different subdivision levels. In the end, the experiment is performed with FengYun(FY-3) Satellite Data(HDF5 format) and aerial remote images (Tif format) of Shanghai in China. The results illustrate that this method is acceptable.

A teleseismic profile consisting of 26 stations was deployed along 30 degrees N latitude in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. By use of the inversion of P-wave receiver function, the S-wave velocity structures at depth from surface to 80 km beneath the profile have been determined. The inversion results reveal that there is significant lateral variation of the crustal structure between the tectonic blocks on the profile. From Linzhi north of the eastern Himalayan Syntaxis, the crust is gradually thickened in NE direction; the crustal thickness reaches to the maximum value (similar to 72 km) at the Bangong-Nujiang suture, and then decreased to 65 km in the Qiangtang block, to 57-64 km in the Bayan Har block, and to 40-45 km in the Sichuan Basin. The eastern segment of the teleseismic profile (to the east of Batang) coincides geographically with the Zhubalong-Zizhong deep seismic sounding profile carried out in 2000, and the S-wave velocity structure determined from receiver functions is consistent with the P-wave velocity structure obtained by deep seismic sounding in respect of the depths of Moho and major crustal interfaces. In the Qiangtang and the Bayan Har blocks, the lower velocity layer is widespread in the lower crust (at depth of 30-60 km) along the profile, while there is a normal velocity distribution in lower crust in the Sichuan Basin. On an average, the crustal velocity ratio (Poisson ratio) in tectonic blocks on the profile is 1.73 (sigma = 0.247) in the Lhasa block, 1.78 (sigma = 0.269) in the Banggong-Nujiang suture, 1.80 (sigma = 0.275) in the Qiangtang block, 1.86 (sigma = 0.294) in the Bayan Har blocks, and 1.77 (sigma = 0.265) in the Yangtze block, respectively. The Qiangtang and the Bayan Har blocks are characterized by lower S-wave velocity anomaly in lower crust, complicated Moho transition, and higher crustal Poisson ratio, indicating that there is a hot and weak medium in lower crust. These are considered as the deep environment of lower crustal flow in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Flowage of the ductile material in lower crust may be attributable to the variation of the gravitational potential energy in upper crust from higher on the plateau to lower off plateau.