Vandenbroucke, Thijs R. A.
Hints, Olle
Williams, Mark
Wallis, Simon
Velleman, Jules
Kurihara, Toshiyuki
Tanaka, Gengo
Komatsu, Toshifumi
Mannik, Peep
Siveter, David J.
de Backer, Tim
Silurian and Devonian chitinozoans and scolecodonts are recorded from strata of the Hida-Gaien Terrane, central Honshu. Silurian chitinozoans include Eisenackitina, Bursachitina, and the species Angochitina elongata. The latter provides a precise biostratigraphical tie between the Japanese succession and the Type Ludlow Series of the Welsh Borderland, UK, and indicates a Ludlow age (Gorstian or early Ludfordian) for the upper member of the Yoshiki Formation in the Ichinotani Valley. Chitinozoans from other Yoshiki Formation localities contain other specimens of Lagenochitinidae. Scolecodonts are more common than chitinozoans in the palynological residues, but are mostly represented by fragments or minor apparatus elements with a low biostratigraphical value. However, material from the Yoshiki and Fukuji Formations includes several species of Mochtyella as well as representatives of Oenonites, Kettnerites, Lunoprionella, Vistulella? and possibly other placognath taxa. Scolecodonts are also present in the Silurian Middle Member of the Gionyama Formation, Kyushu, including a well-preserved jaw of Pistoprion, and fragments of putative Kettnerites and Oenonites. These finds of scolecodonts suggest close similarity in assemblages between Paleozoic polychaete faunas of Japanese terranes and those of Baltica-Laurentia.
Siveter, David J.
Tanaka, Gengo
Williams, Mark
Maennik, Peep
Mesozoic, Cenozoic and especially Holocene ostracod faunas have been documented from Japan. Not surprisingly, considering the plate tectonic factors at play, very few ostracod faunas are known from its early Paleozoic successions. Our pilot studies have recovered new ostracod assemblages from early Paleozoic terranes of Japan. Acid preparation of carbonates has yielded low diversity, poorly preserved yet significant palaeocopid and podocopid ostracod faunas from Wenlock/Ludlow Series Silurian rocks at Gionyama in the Kurosegawa Terrane, Miyazaki Prefecture, Kyushu, and Hitoegane in the Hida-Gaien Terrane, Gifu Prefecture, Honshu. The ostracod faunas include new eurychilinoid (Pauproles supparata gen. et sp. nov.), hollinoid (Hollinella orienta sp. nov.) and beyrichioid (Clintiella antifrigga sp. nov.) palaeocopid taxa. Conodonts recovered from the same sample as the ostracods from Gionyama confirm a mid-Silurian age for the part of the Gionyama Formation in question. The ostracod faunas recovered from Gionyama and Hitoegane are the first confirmed, well-documented record of the group from the Silurian of Japan and are therefore the earliest known ostracods from that country (a previous record of purported Ordovician ostracods from Japan is incorrect). The ostracod taxa display links with the paleocontinents of particularly Laurentia and Baltica and demonstrate a pan-tropical signature; it appears that climate control was stronger than geographical control in shaping this pattern of ostracod distribution. The material recovered includes adult dimorphic (assumed sexual) pairs of three palaeocopid species, which represent Japan's oldest (423-433 million years) known 'couples'.
Thirteen ostracod species including two new species, Clavofabellina fukujiensis n. sp. and Bythocypris wangi n. sp., are reported from the Middle Shale Member of the Fukuji Formation, Devonian of central Japan. The ostracods demonstrate species-links with South China, indicating that the Hida-Gaien Terrane of central Japan shared biogeographical affinities with the shallow marine faunas of the South China paleocontinent during the Early Devonian.
A redundant control system (10) for a vehicle includes: one or more actuator housings (202); a plurality of actuator pistons (212a, 212b) coupled to the actuator housings, each of the actuator pistons mechanically coupled to one another and a common output device; a plurality of primary stages (218a, 218b) coupled to the actuator housings, each of the primary stages operatively coupled to move a respective actuator piston relative to at least one of the actuator housings, and each of the primary stages functioning independent of any other primary stage when the control system is operating in a flight-operation mode; and an auxiliary stage (500) operatively coupled to move a first of the plurality of actuator pistons relative to at least one of the actuator housings when the control system is operating in a ground-operation mode, with each of the plurality of primary stages being responsive to movement of the first actuator piston by the auxiliary stage.
Bennett, Carys E.
Thomas, Richard
Williams, Mark
Zalasiewicz, Jan
Edgeworth, Matt
Miller, Holly
Coles, Ben
Foster, Alison
Burton, Emily J.
Marume, Upenyu
Changing patterns of human resource use and consumption have profoundly impacted the Earth's biosphere. Until now, no individual taxa have been suggested as distinc and characteristic new morphaspecies representing this change. Here we show that the domestic broiler chicken is one such potential marker. Human-directed changes in breeding, diet and farming practices demonstrate at least a doubling in body size from the late medieval period to the present in domesticated chickens, and an up to fivefold increase in body mass since the mid-twentieth century. Moreover, the skeletal morphology, pathology, bone geochemistry and genetics of modern broilers are demonstrably different to those of their. ancestors. Physical and numerical changes to chickens in the second half of the twentieth century, i.e. during the putative Anthropocene Epoch, have been the most dramatic, with large increases in individual bird growth rate and population sizes. Broiler chickens, now unable to survive without human intervention, have a combined mass exceeding that of all other birds on Earth; this novel morphotype symbolizes the unprecedented human reconfiguration of the Earth's biosphere.
We present the first attempt to locate zero-hour contract (ZHC) jobs-jobs that lack a guaranteed minimum number of hours-within theoretical frameworks of the employment relationship and occupational class and empirically explore their characteristics using successive UK Labour Force Survey. In line with these theories, we find this contentious form of employment to be strongly differentiated by the nature of occupational tasks and to overlap with nonstandard employment features (e.g. part-time and temporary). They are also highly concentrated in a small number of occupations and sectors, with over half of ZHC jobs found in just 10 occupations. We further show that ZHCs are associated with indicators of inferior job quality such as low pay and underemployment. Although we find no evidence that ZHCs are a particularly pervasive feature of the UK labour market, further growth cannot be ruled out in certain occupations.
Vandenbroucke, Thijs R. A.
Hints, Olle
Williams, Mark
Wallis, Simon
Velleman, Jules
Kurihara, Toshiyuki
Tanaka, Gengo
Komatsu, Toshifumi
Männik, Peep
Siveter, David J.
de Backer, Tim
Hearing, Thomas W
Harvey, Thomas H P
Williams, Mark
Leng, Melanie J
Lamb, Angela L
Wilby, Philip R
Gabbott, Sarah E
Pohl, Alexandre
Donnadieu, Yannick
The oceans of the early Cambrian (~541 to 509 million years ago) were the setting for a marked diversification of animal life. However, sea temperatures-a key component of the early Cambrian marine environment-remain unconstrained, in part because of a substantial time gap in the stable oxygen isotope (delta18O) record before the evolution of euconodonts. We show that previously overlooked sources of fossil biogenic phosphate have the potential to fill this gap. Pristine phosphatic microfossils from the Comley Limestones, UK, yield a robust delta18O signature, suggesting sea surface temperatures of 20=C2=B0 to 25=C2=B0C at high southern paleolatitudes (~65=C2=B0S to 70=C2=B0S) between ~514 and 509 million years ago. These sea temperatures are consistent with the distribution of coeval evaporite and calcrete deposits, peak continental weathering rates, and also our climate model simulations for this interval. Our results support an early Cambrian greenhouse climate comparable to those of the late Mesozoic and early Cenozoic, offering a framework for exploring the interplay between biotic and environmental controls on Cambrian animal diversification.=20
Bennett, Carys E.
Thomas, Richard
Williams, Mark
Zalasiewicz, Jan
Edgeworth, Matt
Miller, Holly
Coles, Ben
Foster, Alison
Burton, Emily J.
Marume, Upenyu
Fotsing, Joseph R.
Darmohusodo, Vincent
Patron, Andrew P.
Ching, Brett W.
Brady, Thomas
Arellano, Melissa
Chen, Qing
Davis, Timothy J.
Liu, Hanghui
Servant, Guy
Zhang, Lan
Williams, Mark
Saganich, Michael
Ditschun, Tanya
Tachdjian, Catherine
Karanewsky, Donald S.
In humans, bitter taste is mediated by 25 TAS2Rs. Many compounds, including certain active pharmaceutical ingredients, excipients, and nutraceuticals, impart their bitter taste (or in part) through TAS2R8 activation. However, effective TAS2R8 blockers that can either suppress or reduce the bitterness of these compounds have not been described. We are hereby reporting a series of novel 3-(pyrazol-4-yl) imidazolidine-2,4-diones as potent and selective TAS2R8 antagonists. In human sensory tests, S6821 and S7958, two of the most potent analogues from the series, demonstrated efficacy in blocking TAS2R8-mediated bitterness and were selected for development. Following data evaluation by expert panels of a number of national and multinational regulatory bodies, including the US, the EU, and Japan, S6821 and S7958 were approved as safe under conditions of intended use as bitter taste blockers.
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