Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune disease characterized by varying degrees of proptosis, congestion and inflammation of the extraocular tissues, and eyelid retraction. It is usually seen in the setting of Graves' disease, but the severity of TED does not necessarily correlate with the level of systemic disease in a given patient. It is very important, nonetheless, to try to achieve a euthyroid state to minimize the chances of exacerbation of TED. Treatment of TED is based on the signs and symptoms displayed by the patient; there is no "one size fits all" approach. Generally, it is advisable to start with conservative measures, such as ocular lubrication with artificial tears, to manage symptoms of chronic irritation and redness. It is also imperative that the patient be advised to quit smoking, because there is a clear link between smoking and disease activity. Medical treatment with systemic oral or pulsed intravenous corticosteroids should be reserved for patients with active inflammation resulting in increased orbital pressure, compressive optic neuropathy, severe periorbital edema, or similar presentations. Once there is significant improvement in the acute inflammation, it is useful to treat patients who have residual inflammation with external beam radiation in order to be able to wean the patient off steroids and avoid their well-known complications. If there is significant corneal exposure due to lid retraction, and the lid position has been stable for at least 6 months, eyelid surgery can be considered. If exposure is minimal, this may consist of a lateral tarsorrhaphy. For larger amounts of exposure, recession of the levator muscle, Muller's muscle, or both can be performed. Those patients who have stable diplopia for at least 6 months are candidates for strabismus surgery. Patients who progress to severe proptosis or compressive optic neuropathy may need orbital decompression surgery. Generally, if more than one type of surgical procedure is necessary, orbital decompression is performed first, followed by strabismus surgery; eyelid surgery is performed last.

Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare xanthogranulomatous disease in which orbital involvement can have devastating outcomes. Through a case report and review of the ophthalmic literature, we explore orbital findings, disease progression, and treatment options. Cases of orbital involvement in Erdheim-Chester disease were identified in the ophthalmic literature with a PubMed query and review of cited references. A total of 14 publications reporting 19 separate cases that included ophthalmic examination data were identified. Patient ages ranged from 26-77 years with a mean age of 50 years. Seventy-four percent (14/19) were men. Vision progression to no light perception was found in 32% (6/19) of the patients. Reviewed cases reported a variety of medical and surgical treatment approaches, however, only 53% reported cases (10/19) demonstrated disease improvement or stabilization. Erdheim-Chester disease with orbital involvement is a devastating disease with a poor prognosis. Awareness of this entity by the ophthalmologist is important as orbital signs and symptoms may manifest early, and orbital biopsy is often crucial to the definitive diagnosis.

The progress of modern editions of Erasmus' works has brought us to a point where we can begin to reassess the significance of the turn in his career marked by the Novum instrumentum in 1516. When the insights of recent research on Erasmus' New Testament are combined with scholarship on early modern literary and print culture and in the cognitive history of neo-Latin discourse, the radical novelty of his biblical enterprise appears more clearly.

The early-modern French translations of Erasmus' Praise of Folly show an astonishing adaptability to its ever changing readerships. Much attention has been paid recently to the two sixteenth-century translations (1518 and 1520) and their intended readers-royal and bourgeois respectively. The three French translations of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are less known but all the more intriguing. In 1642 Folly addresses herself to the French pre-classicist readers, adepts of Richelieu's new Academie Fran-caise-although her translator, Helie Poirier, was a Protestant refugee, recently settled in the Netherlands. In 1671 Folly seeks her readers in the Parisian salons, satirizing the same societal wrongs as her great contemporary Moliere in Tartuffe and Les femmes savantes. The successful translation by Nicolas Gueudeville (22 editions from 1713 onward) is also a chameleon: originally translated and printed in Leiden, the text gradually becomes more Parisian with each passing edition. Folly's language is bowdlerized according to the principles of bienseance, and Vianen's illustrations, based on Holbein, are discarded as rude and old-fashioned. In 1751 they are replaced by Charles Eisen's elegant, long-limbed, periwigged figures, dressed to the latest fashion. Although she changes her name (Moria/Stultitia-Dame Sottise-Dame Folie), her language (from humanist Latin to Parisian French), her appearance and attire (from Holbein to Eisen), Folly remains much the same through the ages-everlasting and omnipresent, just as the vices she laughs at.