We successfully synthesized four kinds of copolymers with varying molecular weights of poly(lactide-co-glycolide)(PLGA) to yield methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(lactide-co-glycolide)(mPEG-PLGA) nano carriers: mPEG-PLGA(3k), mPEG-PLGA(9k), mPEG-PLGA(11k) and mPEG-PLGA(16k). An antitumor drug, 10-hydroxycamptothecin(HCPT), was encapsulated into the mPEG-PLGA nanocarrier cores by self-assembly in dialysis. The lower molecular weight nanocarriers degraded more quickly, resulting in mass loss, pH decline, and a rapid HCPT release rate in vitro. The degradation and drug release of the nanocarriers were dependent on the PLGA molecular weight. However, the larger molecular weight nanocarriers could not increase the loading content and encapsulation efficiency. Considering the antitumor effect of these nanocarriers, the mPEG-PLGA(9k) nanocarrier, which had the highest drug loading content[(7.72 +/- 0.57)%] and a relatively high encapsulation efficiency [(22.71 +/- 5.53)%], is an optimum agent for drug delivery.
ZHANG Yuan
LIU Shaomin
HU Xiao
WANG Jianghao
LI Xiang
XU Ziwei
MA Yanfei
LIU Rui
XU Tongren
YANG Xiaofan
Land surface hydrothermal conditions(LSHCs) reflect land surface moisture and heat conditions, and play an important role in energy and water cycles in soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. Based on comparison of four evaluation methods(namely, the classic statistical method, geostatistical method, information theory method, and fractal method), this study proposed a new scheme for evaluating the spatial heterogeneity of LSHCs. This scheme incorporates diverse remotely sensed surface parameters, e.g., leaf area index-LAI, the normalized difference vegetation index-NDVI, net radiation-Rn, and land surface temperature-LST. The LSHCs can be classified into three categories, namely homogeneous, moderately heterogeneous and highly heterogeneous based on the remotely sensed LAI data with a 30 m spatial resolution and the combination of normalized information entropy(S’) and coefficient of variation(CV). Based on the evaluation scheme, the spatial heterogeneity of land surface hydrothermal conditions at six typical flux observation stations in the Heihe River Basin during the vegetation growing season were evaluated. The evaluation results were consistent with the land surface type characteristics exhibited by Google Earth imagery and spatial heterogeneity assessed by high resolution remote sensing evapotranspiration data. Impact factors such as precipitation and irrigation events, spatial resolutions of remote sensing data, heterogeneity in the vertical direction, topography and sparse vegetation could also affect the evaluation results. For instance, short-term changes(precipitation and irrigation events) in the spatial heterogeneity of LSHCs can be diagnosed by energy factors, while long-term changes can be indicated by vegetation factors. The spatial heterogeneity of LSHCs decreases when decreasing the spatial resolution of remote sensing data. The proposed evaluation scheme would be useful for the quantification of spatial heterogeneity of LSHCs over flux observation stations toward the global scale, and also contribu
The applications of nano-surface chemistry in the field of spectral analysis have attracted growing interest in recent years.In this article,we reviewed the applications of nanomaterials-based chemical reactions for spectral analysis,including the development in plasma-catalysis,surface-enhanced spectroscopy,separation and preconcentration,chemical vapor generation,labeling and signal amplification.Introduction of nano-surface chemistry to spectral analysis not only improves the sensitivity and selectivity,broadens the application range of spectral analysis,but also affords analytical community special characterization tools.
Xiang Hua
Zhang Li
Zhou HanWen
Zhong ZengQiu
Zeng Wen
Liu Rui
Jin Song
A combined study using LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating, Hf isotopes, trace elements and the Ti-in-zircon geothermometer was carried out on zircons from the metamorphosed basic-ultrabasic rocks in the metamorphic basement of the Cathaysia Block, southwestern Zhejiang Province. The formation and metamorphic ages of the rocks from the metamorphic basement of the Cathaysia Block were determined based on zircon U-Pb geochronology. The age for the magmatic crystalline zircons from the protolith is about 1.85 Ga. The epsilon (Hf) (t) values of the older zircons were from -7 to -3, with two-stage model Hf ages (T(DM2)(LC)) of about 2.9 to 3.4 Ga, indicating that the source material was derived from anatexis and recycling of the Archean crust. The newly formed metamorphic zircons yielded U-Pb ages of 260-230 Ma. The metamorphic temperature calculated using the Ti-in-zircon geothermometer ranged from 610 to 720 degrees C, consistent with the results from petrographic observations, indicating that the Cathaysia Block experienced an amphibolite facies metamorphism during the Indosinian. Results from this study provided an important timeframe for the tectonic evolution in South China and the Southeast Asia during the Late Permian and Early Triassic times.
Liu Rui
Qiao Yingjie
Song Yingjin
Song Kehan
Liu Chuan
We established a novel strategy for the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide(rGO)@TiO2 nanotube hybrids using an 18 W UV-assisted photo-catalytic reduction method for utilization as photo-anode of dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs). The photo-conversion efficiency of DSSCs was significantly enhanced after the addition of rGO, and in addition, the photo-anode showed decreased internal resistance. Analysis of rGO@TiO2 hybrids by transmissions scanning electron microscopy(TEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Raman spectra, N-2 adsorption and desorption, atomic force microscopy(AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) demonstrates that the rGO modified TiO2 nanotubes can increase the short-circuit current and the conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells. The efficiency is improved by almost two folds as much compared to those of the bare TiO2 nanotubes.