Atmospheric Rivers（ARs） are narrow and elongated water vapor belts in troposphere with meridional transport across the mid-latitudes towards high-latitudes. Compared with ARs occurred over the northeastern Pacific, the western coast of North America and Europe, the ARs over the East Asia have received less attention. In this paper, the characteristics of ARs which affected China in the area 20?–60?N, 95?–165?E in the middle summer season from 2001 to 2016 were investigated by using European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts（ECMWF） ERA-Interim reanalysis data and Multi-functional Transport Satellites-1 R（MTSAT-1 R） infrared data. Totally, 134 ARs occurred during that period, and averagely 8.4 ARs occurred per year. Statistically, 101 ARs were in east-west orientation, and 33 ARs were in north-south orientation, which accounts for about 75% and 25%, respectively. Herein we report the occurrence number, duration time, intensity, length, width, ratio of length to width, and extension orientation of these ARs, which provide the basic information for those who have interest in ARs over the East Asia.

The effect of dietary phosphorus on the growth and body components of juvenile Synechogobius hasta was determined. Different percentages of dietary phosphorus (0.63, 0.77, 0.93, 1.06, 1.22 and 1.36) were tested by feeding the fish (body weight, 15.81 g +/- 0.32 g; 20 individuals each group; 3 groups each percentage) at a surplus of 5%-10% above satiation for 35d. Dietary phosphorus did not significantly affect the specific growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency rate. Nitrogen retention was found to be the highest in fish fed the diet containing 1.06% of phosphorus; however, this was not significantly different from other diets. Fish fed the diet containing 0.93% of phosphorus showed the highest phosphorus retention; similar phosphorus retention rates were found in fish fed the diets containing 0.77% and 1.06% of phosphorus. Fish fed the diet containing the highest percentage of dietary phosphorus were found to contain the least whole body lipid, lower than fish fed other diets (P<0.05). The protein content increased from 18.59% to 19.55% (although not significant) with the decrease of body lipid content (P>0.05). The contents of the whole body ash, whole body phosphorus and vertebrae phosphorus increased with dietary phosphorus percentage up to 1.06 (P<0.05), reaching a plateau after that. Dietary phosphorus did not significantly influence the muscle components (protein, lipid and moisture). Condition factor and hepatosomatic index were the highest in fish fed the diet containing 0.63% of dietary phosphorus; however, this was not significantly different from those of other diets. The second-order polynomial regression of phosphorus retention against dietary phosphorus identified a breakpoint at 0.88% of dietary phosphorus. However, the dietary requirement of phosphorus for maintaining maximum phosphorus storage determined by broken-line analysis of the contents of whole body phosphorus, and ash and vertebrae phosphorus was 1.06% of the diet.

Superresolution mapping (SRM) is a method of predicting the spatial locations of land cover classes within mixed pixels in remotely sensed images. This paper proposes a novel SRM framework that is operated from the perspective of spatial regularization. Within the proposed framework, SRM aims to generate final superresolution land cover maps that conform to inputted fraction images, with spatial regularization intended for exploiting a priori knowledge about the land cover maps. Two SRM models are constructed by using maximal spatial dependence as the spatial regularization term and the L1 or L2 norm as the data fidelity term. The proposed models are evaluated by using synthetic Landsat, real IKONOS, and real Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer images and compared with hard classification technologies, as well as pixel-swapping, Hopfield neural network, and Markov random field SRM models. We perform linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) and multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) to estimate fraction images. Results show that the accuracy of inputted fraction images plays an important role in the final superresolution land cover maps and that using MESMA fraction images results in higher accuracy than using LSMA fraction images. Moreover, the L-curve criterion is suitable for choosing the optimal regularization parameter in both SRM models. Compared with hard classification technologies and other SRM models, the proposed model derives the highest Kappa coefficients and lowest class area proportion errors when MESMA fraction images are used as input.

An autopolyploid that contains more than two sets of the same chromosomes causes apparent alterations in morphology, development, physiology and gene expression compared to diploid. However, the mechanisms for these changes remain largely unknown. In the present study, cytological observations of mature embryos and growing cotyledons demonstrated that enlarged organ size of an autotetraploid Arabidopsis was caused by cell size and not by cell number. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of 34 core cell cycle genes revealed a subtle but stable increase in the expression of ICK1, ICK2 and ICK5 in autotetraploid seedlings. Autotetraploid Arabidopsis plants were found to be more sensitive to glucose treatment than diploid with decreased number of rosette leaves and suppressed root elongation. Cytological observations demonstrated that both cell proliferation and cell expansion of autotetraploid were dramatically suppressed under glucose treatment. Expression levels of ICK1, ICK5 together with Cyclin D and Cyclin B was increased under glucose treatment in both diploid and autotetraploid plants. These results suggest that ICK1 and ICK5 may be involved in developmental delay and that the suppressed growth under glucose treatment probably resulted from disturbed mitotic and endoreduplication cycle in autotetraploid Arabidopsis.

Atmospheric Rivers(ARs) are narrow and elongated water vapor belts in troposphere with meridional transport across the mid-latitudes towards high-latitudes. Compared with ARs occurred over the northeastern Pacific, the western coast of North America and Europe, the ARs over the East Asia have received less attention. In this paper, the characteristics of ARs which affected China in the area 20?–60?N, 95?–165?E in the middle summer season from 2001 to 2016 were investigated by using European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis data and Multi-functional Transport Satellites-1 R(MTSAT-1 R) infrared data. Totally, 134 ARs occurred during that period, and averagely 8.4 ARs occurred per year. Statistically, 101 ARs were in east-west orientation, and 33 ARs were in north-south orientation, which accounts for about 75% and 25%, respectively. Herein we report the occurrence number, duration time, intensity, length, width, ratio of length to width, and extension orientation of these ARs, which provide the basic information for those who have interest in ARs over the East Asia.

Both low clouds and elevated ducts are common phenomena in the oceanic atmosphere. Low clouds affect elevated ducts by changing the structure of atmospheric temperature and humidity. However, due to the limitation of met-ocean measurements, research on them is still scattered. This paper presents the distribution of elevated ducts and clouds over the central Western Pacific Ocean(WPO) based on Global Position System(GPS) sounding data and Himawari-8 satellite products from November 2015 to January 2016. Results show that the frequency of elevated ducts detected by ship-based GPS soundings was as high as 77% over the central WPO. The height and frequency of elevated ducts are closely related to the low clouds. If there are no clouds, the occurrence probability and mean base height of the elevated ducts are 14% and 730 m, respectively. By comparison, the occurrence probability and mean base height increase up to 24% and 1471 m, respectively, in the presence of cumulus(Cu) clouds, and 22% and 1511 m, respectively, in the presence of stratocumulus(Sc) clouds. Elevated ducts occur near the cloud top. The analysis of geopotential height and wind fields from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) reanalysis dataset(ERA-interim) shows that the study area is covered by a strong and stable subtropical high, and slowly sinking dry air masses inside the subtropical high are above the moist boundary-layer air mass. The appearance and evolution of low clouds will adjust the temperature and humidity structure of the lower troposphere. If there are no clouds, the marine boundary layer(MBL) is the classic mixed boundary layer. Humidity gradient and subsidence inversion are formed atop the mixed layer. When low clouds are present, long wave radiation and entrainment atop clouds form a strong temperature inversion and humidity gradient, which strengthen elevated ducts. However, when Sc clouds are decoupled, a weaker temperature inversion and humidity gradient may occur between the surface mixed layer and subcloud layer, leading to a weak elevated duct atop the mixed layer.

Abstract Using asphalt as raw material, anti-collapse drag reducing agent GFT with softening point at 35 °C is preparedby employing interfacial complexes generation method. The rheological properties and lubrication are measured before and after adding GFT in several water-based drilling fluids. The results show that GFT exhibits the excellent anti-caving and lubricity performance. And GFT could deform into and cement fracture at lower temperature, and then seal off cracks of sidewall, reduce the drilling fluid filtration. When the dosage of GFT is 0.5 wt.%, the lubricity coefficient reduced rate of bentonite dispersion is 80.5%. In addition, GFT shows better lubrication performance and effect of reducing filtration loss than commercially available products in the same dose (2 wt.%). Eventually, through field application of GFT in Jinchang JCSD-1 borehole and Handan ZK10-2 borehole, the results indicate problems of wellbore collapse and lubricity of drilling fluid have been solved successfully. Consequently, anti-collapse drag reducing agent GFT has a promising potential application for drilling fluids.

Salen-porphyrin-based conjugated microporous polymers(CMPs)have been demonstrated to be an attractive material platform for predesigned structures and promising applications.Herein,a new salen-porphyrin-based conjugated microporous polymer(SP-CMP-L)was solvothermally prepared by porphyrin-forming condensation reaction of pyrrole and salen-dialdehyde derivative.The SP-CMP-L was characterized by spectroscopy technologies,and also exhibited excellent thermal and chemical stability.The porosity of SP-CMP-L was examined by N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms.The BET specific surface area of the CMP material was calculated to be 290.4 m^2/g with the pore volume of 0.19 cm^3/g.The microstructure property of the resulting material was further evaculated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The SP-CMP-L with salen and porphyrin multidentate coordination sites was proposed to serve as an initiator to promote the cross-coupling between aryl halides with unactivated arenes under base mediated conditions.The transition-metal-free catalytic protocol provided high catalytic activity for direct C-H arylation reaction of unactivated arenes,and thus offered a convenient and efficient alternative for the construction biaryl scaffolds.In addition,the salen-porphyrin based CMP material possessed remarkable adsorption capability for the removal of organic amines from water.

In order to determine the baseline contamination by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in different areas in China, prior to the construction of municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs), a total of 32 representative soil samples was collected near 16 incinerators and analyzed for their PCDD/F concentrations. The PCDD/F baseline concentrations in the soil samples ranged from 0.32 to 11.4 ng I-TEQ kg -1 (dry matter), with average and median value of 2.73 and 2.24 ng I-TEQ kg -1 (dry matter), respectively, and a span between maximum and minimum recorded value of 36. The PCDD homologues predominated in 26 out of 32 soil samples, with the ratio (PCDDs)/(PCDFs) ranging from 1.1 to 164; however in the other 6 samples, PCDF homologues were larger, with the same ratio varying from 0.04 to 0.8. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to examine PCDD/F amount and profile in these soil samples, and their possible associations with known emission sources: in this process 6 really distinct isomer fingerprints were identified. Background PCDD/F levels and profiles were comparable to those found in soils from China and other countries and indicate a rather low baseline PCDD/F contamination of soils. The present data provide the tools for future assessment of a possible impact of these MSWIs.

The Barkol Lake, as a closed inland lake, is located at the northeast Xinjiang in northwest China. A combination of geochemical indicators including delta(18)O and delta(13)C of carbonate, TOC, carbonate contents, as well as grain size proxies and magnetic susceptibility of sediments obtained from a newly recovered section at this lake, provides a high-resolution history of climatic change in the past 9400 years. Multi-indicators reflect that Holocene climatic change in the study region generally follows the Westerly Wind pattern of Holocene, and three climatic periods can be identified. Between 9400 and 7500 cal a B.P., climate was characterized by relatively drier and colder condition. From 7500 to 5800 cal a B.P., a relatively warmer and moister climate prevailed, but between 5800 and 3500 cal a B.P., climate shifted towards warmer and drier conditions. A relatively colder and wetter climate prevailed during 3500 similar to 1000 cal a B.P., then it changed towards cold and dry between 1000 and 500 cal a B.P.; after 500 cal a B.P., climate changed towards warm and dry conditions again. This study reflects that during the Middle Holocene (from ca 7000 to 3500 cal a B.P.), variations of carbonate delta(18)O of sediments from several lakes in the northern Xinjiang were synchronous with that of Qinghai Lake, where was strongly influenced by the South Asian monsoon; however, after 3500 cal a B.P. this consistency was interrupted, possibly resulting from a re-domination of the Westerly Wind and the retreat of South Asian monsoon in the northern Xinjiang.

Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis is an economically important agarophyte, which contains high quality gel and shows a high growth rate. Wild population of G. lemaneiformis displayed resident divergence, though with a low genetic diversity as was revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) analyses. In addition, different strains of G. lemaneiformis are diverse in morphology. The highly inconsistence between genetic background and physiological characteristics recommends strongly to the regulation at epigenetic level. In this study, the DNA methylation change in G. lemaneiformis among different generation branches and under different temperature stresses was assessed using methylation sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) technique. It was shown that DNA methylation level among different generation branches was diverse. The full and total methylated DNA level was the lowest in the second generation branch and the highest in the third generation. The total methylation level was 61.11%, 60.88% and 64.12% at 15 degrees C, 22 degrees C and 26 degrees C, respectively. Compared with the control group (22 degrees C), the fully methylated and totally methylated ratios were increased in both experiment groups (15 degrees C and 26 degrees C). All of the cytosine methylation/demethylation transform (CMDT) was further analyzed. High temperature treatment could induce more CMDT than low temperature treatment did.

The photocatalytic decomposition of hexachlorobenzene (HCBz) was studied in a laboratory-scale reactor on nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) catalyst films in this study, and the effects of initial amount of HCBz dripped on the catalyst, UV light intensity, reaction time, and atmosphere (air and nitrogen) on photocatalytic decomposition efficiency (PDE) were investigated. Both increasing UV-light intensity and decreasing initial amount of HCBz remarkably promote PDE. The catalyst film thickness is theoretically calculated to be 76.9 m. Moreover, PDE is obviously higher in the air as carrier gas than in the nitrogen. Experimental data is confronted with tentative mechanism explanations to show the reaction mechanism: dechlorination and ring cleavage are the main pathways under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. Kinetic analysis is carried out to evaluate the effects of various parameters on reaction rates and find out that PDEs vary with reaction time according to first order kinetics. (c) 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 458-464, 2013

Using polymer-derived technology, continuous high-temperature resistant Si-Al-C fibers were prepared by one step method, which included melt-spinning of polyaluminocarbosilane (PACS), curing of continuous PACS fibers, and sintering of the cured products. The results show that the average diameter and tensile strength of continuous Si-Al-C fibers are 11 to 12 mu m and 1.8 to 2.0 GPa, respectively. The chemical formula of Si-Al-C fibers is SiC(1.01)O(0.040)0Al(0.024), which is nearly stoichometric. The fibers are mainly composed of beta-SiC crystalline, small amount of alpha-SiC, and amorphous SiC. Continuous Si-Al-C fibers exhibit excellent thermal stability. When the fibers were exposed in argon for 1 h, the tensile strength did not decrease until 1500 degrees C. After heat treatment at 1800 degrees C in argon for 1 h, the fibers maintained about 80% of the initial strength. It was higher than that of Nicalon and Hi-Nicalon fibers.

In this paper, we calculated the propagation constant beta, the group velocity, the group velocity dispersion, and the optical field distribution in straight or curved nanometer-waveguide by means of the scale FDTD method. From the calculated results, we can find that the curve of nanometer-waveguide has influence on the dispersion of the waveguide, when the radius of nanometer-waveguide is smaller, the influence is larger. The evolutions of group velocity v(g) and group velocity dispersion D-w obtained by us are different from the results obtained in other papers. And the field distribution of curved waiveguide slopes towards the outside of the bend radius, smaller the bend radius is, the larger the slope of the field distribution is.

Recently, the quaternion-valued feedforward neural network (QFNN) has been developed to process three dimensional (3-D) and 4-D signals in quaternion domain, and the weight matrices and bias vectors of the QFNN were obtained based on the quaternion backward propagation (QBP) method. However, it should be noted that the QBP is a first-order quaternion gradient descent algorithm. The convergence speed of the QBP is usually slow and may not be very suitable to process nonstationary quaternion-valued signals. To address this problem, a widely linear quaternion unscented Kalman filter (WLQUKF) algorithm is proposed to train the QFNN. This is derived by utilizing some recent studies in the augmented quaternion statistics and the HR-calculus. With the augmented quaternion statistics, the WLQUKF is able to process general quaternion-valued noncircular, nonlinear, and nonstationary signals, effectively. Simulations on both benchmark circular and noncircular quaternion-valued signals, and on real-world quaternion-valued signals support the analysis.

According to the requirements of national standards for mobile use diesel engine； this paper analyzed the characteristics of speed governor of the second-generation 186FA single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine. Using Pro/E software to establish the three-dimensional model of speed governor ball； the force of the speed governor was analyzed and calculated； and the force diagram of the diesel engine's governor was obtained. In order to calculate the speed governing rate of the diesel engine； it showed a method to determine the position of governor speed control lever by loop fuel supply of the maximum speed non-load condition； which was calculated by mechanical loss. On this basis； it showed the design and calculation method for single-cylinder diesel engine oil corrector. By using this method it can accurately draw the value of correction stroke； starting enriched stroke； the maximum force of correcting spring； the pre-tightening force of starting spring.