[Problem] To provide a liquid chemical used for forming a water repellent protective membrane, said liquid chemical being used in a wafer washing method in which a washing device that includes a vinyl chloride resin as a wetted member is used. [Solution] A liquid chemical is used, said liquid chemical including at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: an alkoxysilane represented by general formula [1]; a sulfonic acid represented by general formula [2]; an anhydrate of said sulfonic acid; a salt of said sulfonic acid; and a sulfonic acid derivative represented by general formula [3]. Also included in the liquid chemical is a dilution solvent having at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a hydrocarbon, ether, and thiol. [1] (R1) aSi (H)b (OR2)4-a-b [2] R3 – S(=O)2OH [3] R3 – S (=O)2 O-Si (H)3-c (R4)c
[Problem] To provide a highly palatable extracted tea beverage having an effectively enhanced freshly-brewed flavor. [Solution] The issue is solved by an extracted tea beverage containing γ-glutamyl-valyl-glycine.
To identify sources of resistance to crown gall disease and to investigate its inheritance pattern to descendants, we assessed the degree of resistance among seven apple rootstocks of 'JM5', 'JM7', 'M.9', 'M.27', 'G.65', Malus prunifolia 'Mo 84a', and 'Morioka Seishi', two wild Malus accessions of Malus sieboldii 'Sanashi 63' and 'Mo-15', and its hybrids (147 individuals). The inoculation was tested using two Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains of Peach CG8331 (biovar 2) and ARAT-001 (biovar 1) as inocula. M. sieboldii'Sanashi 63' and 'Mo-15' did not show any galls at the inoculated sites six months after inoculation with suspensions of the strain Peach CG8331. Galls developed on the other rootstocks with a frequency from 0.31 to 0.82. In an inoculation test with strain ARAT-001 as the inoculum, no galls were formed on M. sieboldii 'Mo-15', and the frequency of M. sieboldii'Sanashi 63' was low, 0.19. The frequency in 'G.65' inoculated with strain ARAT-001 was much lower than that with strain Peach CG8331, whereas that in other rootstocks showed similar or higher frequency compared to strain Peach CG8331. The results suggested that there is an interaction (specificity) for the frequency of gall occurrence between A. tumefaciens strain and apple rootstocks. Based on the results of our study, M. sieboldii'Sanashi 63' and 'Mo-15' were regarded as the most resistant genotypes to the virulent strains of A. tumefaciens used in our study. Resistant hybrids with no galls were found in progeny derived from a cross between 'JM7' x 'Sanashi 63' against strains of A. tumefaciens; numbers of hybrids were 19 (16%) and 5 (4%) against strains Peach CG8331 and ARAT-001, respectively. In F, progeny between 'JM5' x 'G.65', plants with no galls were not observed. These results indicate that crown gall resistance in M. sieboldii 'Sanashi 63' is heritable through its descendants.
Crown gall, caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, causes severe damage to apple saplings resulting in weak growth and loss of commercial value. Developing molecular markers linked to crown gall resistance genes, and establishing a marker-assisted selection (MAS) for such a trait would be an effective way to improve rootstock breeding for crown gall resistance. The wild apple Malus sieboldii Sanashi 63 carries the crown gall resistance gene Cg effective against the A. tumefaciens strain Peach CG8331 (biovar 2). Applying the genome scanning approach on the mapping population JM7 (cgcg) x Malus sieboldii Sanashi 63 (Cgcg), Cg was mapped on the linkage group (LG) 2. The constructed linkage map of LG 2 of Sanashi 63 spans 59.8 cM and has an average marker density of 3.5 cM per marker. The 191 bp allele of the simple sequence repeat (SSR) NZmsEB119405 co-segregated perfectly with Cg in a segregating population of 119 individuals. Quantitative trait loci, accounting for 75.3% to 84.3% of phenotypic variation were detected in the same position. Testing eight additional rootstocks with the NZmsEB119405 SSR marker revealed that the 191 bp allele is also present in crown gall-susceptible rootstock accessions. Only the markers CH03b01 and NZmsPal92 mapping at 0.9 and 4.3 cM from Cg, respectively, showed "private" alleles associated to Cg.
Background: Statin use in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with coexisting cardiovascular disease is associated with a reduced risk of exacerbations. The mechanisms by which statin plays a role in the pathophysiology of COPD have not been defined. To explore the mechanisms involved, we investigated the effect of statin on endothelial cell function, especially endothelial cell tight junctions. Method: We primarily assessed whether pitavastatin could help mitigate the development of emphysema induced by continuous cigarette smoking (CS) exposure. We also investigated the activation of liver kinase B1 (LKB1)/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, which plays a role in maintaining endothelial functions, important tight junction proteins, zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and claudin-5 expression, and lung microvascular endothelial cell permeability. Results: We found that pitavastatin prevented the CS-induced decrease in angiomotin-like protein I (AmotL1)-positive vessels via the activation of LKB1/AMPK signaling and IFN-gamma-induced hyper permeability of cultured human lung microvascular endothelial cells by maintaining the levels of AmotL1, ZO-1, and claudin-5 expression at the tight junctions. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the maintenance of lung microvascular endothelial cells by pitavastatin prevents tight junction protein dysfunctions induced by CS. These findings may ultimately lead to new and novel therapeutic targets for patients with COPD. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In apple, two MYB transcription factors MdMYB10 (R-6:MdMYB10) and MdMYB110a have been shown to be responsible for the type 1 and type 2 red flesh traits, respectively. While type 1 red-fleshed apples are characterized by a red coloration not only in fruit flesh but also in vegetative tissues such as leaves and flowers, red pigmentation in type 2 red-fleshed apples is limited at the fruit flesh. We have searched cultivars containing both functional MdMYB10 and MdMYB110a and then tried to breed newcultivars containing both functional genes by cross-pollination of Geneva' (type 1) and Pink Pearl' (type 2). The cultivar having both genes should exhibit superior characteristics, such as a stable red flesh trait throughout fruit maturity, as type 1 reduces its colouring until maturity, whereas type 2 increases until maturity. We could not identify red-fleshed cultivars having both genes; moreover, only one plant of 80 F-1 progeny having both genes died in its juvenile stage. From the results, it was suggested that some sort of breeding depression must have occurred. We analysed the expression patterns of the genes within two F-1 plants having either MdMYB10 or MdMYB110a gene and found that the expression pattern of MdMYB110a was different from that observed in JPP35' (Jonathan'xPink Pearl'). The MdMYB110a gene in the No. 2804 F-1 plant derived from Pink Pearl'xGeneva' was expressed in the flesh from the beginning of the red coloration through maturity, and seemed to cause upregulation, not only the latter half, but also the first half of the gene in the anthocyanin pathway.
Black spot disease, which is caused by the Japanese pear pathotype of the filamentous fungus Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler, is one of the most harmful diseases in Japanese pear cultivation. We mapped a gene for susceptibility to black spot disease in the Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) cultivar 'Kinchaku' (Aki gene) at the top of linkage group 11, similar to the positions of the susceptibility genes Ani in 'Osa Nijisseiki' and Ana in 'Nansui'. Using synteny-based marker enrichment, we developed novel apple SSR markers in the target region. We constructed a fine map of linkage group 11 of 'Kinchaku' and localized the Aid locus within a 1.5-cM genome region between SSR markers Mdo.chr11.28 and Mdo.chr11.34. Marker Mdo.chr11.30 co-segregated with Aki in all 621 F-1 plantlets of a 'Housui' x 'Kinchaku' cross. The physical size of the Aid region, which includes three markers (Mdo.chr11.28, Mdo.chr11.30, and Mdo.chr11.34), was estimated to be 250 Kb in the 'Golden Delicious' apple genome and 107 Kb in the 'Dangshansuli' Chinese pear genome. Our results will help to identify the candidate gene for susceptibility to black spot disease in Japanese pear.
Understanding the flowering process in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) is essential for developing methods to shorten the breeding period and regulate fruit yield. It is known that FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) acts as a transmissible floral inducer in the Arabidopsis flowering network system. To clarify the molecular network of two apple FT orthologues, MdFT1 and MdFT2, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify proteins that interact with MdFT1. We identified several transcription factors, including two members of the TCP (TEOSINTE BRANCHED I, CYCLOIDEA and PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORs) family, designated MdTCP2 and MdTCP4, and an Arabidopsis thaliana VOZ1 (Vascular plant One Zinc finger protein1)-like protein, designated MdVOZ1. MdTCP2 and MdVOZ1 also interacted with MdFT2 in yeast. The expression domain of MdTCP2 and MdVOZ1 partially overlapped with that of MdFT1 and MdFT2, most strikingly in apple fruit tissue, further suggesting a potential interaction in vivo. Constitutive expression of MdTCP2, MdTCP4 and MdVOZ1 in Arabidopsis affected plant size, leaf morphology and the formation of leaf primordia on the adaxial side of cotyledons. On the other hand, chimeric MdTCP2, MdTCP4 and MdVOZ1 repressors that included the ethylene-responsive transcription factors (ERF)-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) domain motif influenced reproduction and inflorescence architecture in transgenic Arabidopsis. These results suggest that MdFT1 and/or MdFT2 might be involved in the regulation of cellular proliferation and the formation of new tissues and that they might affect leaf and fruit development by interacting with TCP- and VOZ-family proteins.
Differentiation of cultivars with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers is a very useful technique for the true-to-type characterization of cultivars and clarification of parent-offspring relationships. We developed an SSR marker set for cultivar identification comprising 15 markers that were screened from 46 previously published SSRs. This marker set could be used for apple varieties including Malus x domestica and/or other Malus species. These SSRs successfully characterized 95 apples, including the leading and major founding cultivars used worldwide for modern apple breeding. Therefore, this marker set could be applied to almost all apple cultivars. We also analyzed the parent-offspring relationships of 69 cultivars by considering allele transmissions. This analysis revealed the true parentage of the following seven cultivars: 'Kizashi', 'Chinatsu', 'Honey Queen', 'Haruka', 'Seirin', 'Ozenokurenai', and Morioka #48. This analysis also revealed a parentage discrepancy for 'Hacnine'. From the parent-offspring analysis, two microsatellite mutation events at alleles inherited from pollen parents were observed.
With 2 figures and 3 tables Abstract Tree architecture and shoot morphology are important factors in apple production systems. Because a columnar growth habit facilitates high-density planting and labour-saving fruit production methods, columnar apple breeding programmes are spreading worldwide. Columnar growth habit is controlled by a single dominant gene, Co, on linkage group 10. Fine mapping of Co was conducted using 1000 F1 progeny plants from 31 populations. Novel simple sequence-repeat (SSR) markers were developed based on the genome sequence of apple Golden Delicious and analysed for linkage to Co. Graphical genotyping of 22 progeny with recombination event in the vicinity of Co identified three SSR markers (Mdo.chr10.12, Mdo.chr10.13 and Mdo.chr10.14) that co-segregated with Co. Mdo.chr10.12 and Mdo.chr10.14 are well suited for marker-assisted selection because the sizes of the alleles linked to Co are different from those found in common ancestors of current apple breeding germplasm. The Co region was delimited to a 196-kb region of the apple genome, between markers Mdo.chr10.11 and Mdo.chr10.15.
'Fuji' is one of the most popular and highly-produced apple cultivars worldwide, and has been frequently used in breeding programs. The development of genotypic markers for the preferable phenotypes of 'Fuji' is required. Here, we aimed to define the haplotypes of 'Fuji' and find associations between haplotypes and phenotypes of five traits (harvest day, fruit weight, acidity, degree of watercore, and flesh mealiness) by using 115 accessions related to 'Fuji'. Through the re-sequencing of 'Fuji' genome, total of 2,820,759 variants, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions or deletions (indels) were detected between 'Fuji' and 'Golden Delicious' reference genome. We selected mapping-validated 1,014 SNPs, most of which were heterozygous in 'Fuji' and capable of distinguishing alleles inherited from the parents of 'Fuji' (i.e., 'Rails Janet' and 'Delicious'). We used these SNPs to define the haplotypes of 'Fuji' and trace their inheritance in relatives, which were shown to have an average of 27% of 'Fuji' genome. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) based on 'Fuji' haplotypes identified one quantitative trait loci (QTL) each for harvest time, acidity, degree of water core, and mealiness. A haplotype from 'Delicious' chr14 was considered to dominantly cause watercore, and one from 'Rails Janet' chr1 was related to low-mealiness.
The self-incompatible (SI) Japanese pear cultivar 'Kosui' was pollinated with pollen collected from a chronically gamma-irradiated 'Kosui' tree, and a progeny was obtained. This progeny resulted in the identification of self-compatible (SC) breeding selection, designated 415-1, which showed 74.4% fruit set in a self-pollination test. PCR-based genetic analysis revealed that 415-1 has S-RNase genotype S4S5, which is the same as that of the parent, 'Kosui'. Pollination trials were used to investigate whether 415-1 harbors a stylar-part mutation or a pollen-part mutation in its SI locus. When 415-1 was pollinated with pollen from cultivars of the same genotype ('Syuugyoku' and 'Oushuu'), no seed-containing fruit were set, indicating that 415-1 contains functional S-4- and S-5-RNase alleles. On the other hand, when 'Syuugyoku' and 'Oushuu' were pollinated with pollen from 415-1, fruit-bearing seeds were produced; therefore, we conclude that 415-1 carries a pollen-part mutation at the SI locus. This new self-compatible breeding selection will be useful for the development of new Japanese pear cultivars with SC.
Identification of markers associated with genes of interest and quantitative trait loci (QTLs), combined with high-density genetic linkage maps, can help reduce labor and costs by enabling marker-assisted selection (MAS). In this study, a dwarfing apple rootstock cultivar 'JM7' (Malus prunifolia x Malus pumila 'Malling 9') and wild apple Malus sieboldii 'Sanashi 63' (section Sorbomalus) were used for constructing genetic linkage maps. Here, a species from section Sorbomalus was used for the first time as a target species in a genome-wide mapping study. We also developed and mapped 137 novel-expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers. The genetic linkage maps of 'JM7' and 'Sanashi 63' consisted of 415 and 310 loci and spanned 998.0 and 981.8 cM, respectively, comparable to the reference map of Malus x domestica 'Discovery'. A BLASTN search revealed that all of the EST-SSR sequences used in this study exhibited very high homology to one or more previously characterized apple genome contigs. Although the most homologous contigs of 89 EST-SSRs were located within the same linkage groups (LGs) identified by mapping analysis, the other 48 EST-SSRs were aligned into contigs positioned in different LGs than those identified by mapping. When search criteria were expanded to include the five most homologous contigs of each EST-SSR, at least one of the top five contigs for 15 of these 48 EST-SSRs corresponded to the LG obtained by mapping. The maps of 'JM7' and 'Sanashi 63' may be useful for analyzing important rootstock characteristics and identifying markers for MAS.