Fluorite-type CeO2 nanorods were synthesized from aqueous CeCl3 solutions containing polyethylene glycol, NaOH, and NaCl. The solutions were hydrothermally treated at 140 degrees C, resulting in the formation of nanorod-like precipitates. Further annealing of the precipitates led to the growth into well-defined nanorods 5-10 nm in diameter and 50-200 nm in length. It was found that the addition of NaCl to the solution could enhance the one-dimensional growth of CeO2 and reduce the degree of aggregation. A high-resolution transmission electron microscopic observation revealed that the nanorod was single-crystalline and its growth direction was along the [110] axis of the cubic CeO2 structure. Our results then demonstrated that the unusually [110]-oriented CeO2 nanorods could be grown by a facile synthesis method.